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- a) A consequence of the Frank-Starling law of the heart is that the outputs of the right and left ventricles match. Explain why this is important and how this match is made.b) The excitation-contraction matching mechanism within the heart muscle is different from that of the skeletal muscle. How might these differences be related to the difference between action potentials in cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle?Roberto is a 78-year-old male who has recently been diagnosed with Class III Congestive Heart Failure (CHF). His physician told him that his left ventricle has become stiff and cannot relax. Although there is no current treatment that can “fix” Roberto’s condition, he is prescribed two medications: an ACE inhibitor and beta blockers.Briefly describe how beta-blockers will influence Roberto’s heart function, specifically the physiology of the ventricles.Roberto is a 78-year-old male who has recently been diagnosed with Class III Congestive Heart Failure (CHF). His physician told him that his left ventricle has become stiff and cannot relax. Although there is no current treatment that can “fix” Roberto’s condition, he is prescribed two medications: an ACE inhibitor and beta blockers. Briefly describe how beta-blockers will influence Roberto’s heart function, specifically the physiology of the ventricles.
- Consider the ventricular cardiomyocyte action potential shown below: a) Which phase of the cardiac myocyte action potential would be most significantly affected by the L-type calcium channel blocker nifedipine? b) Draw the predicted effects of nifedipine on the cardiac myocyte action potential.List all the cellular events that occur upon the stimulation of parasympathetic receptors of the heart.Describe the action potential of an autorhythmic cell in the heart.a) Indicate how the opening and closing of each ion channel affects the membrane potential of the cell.b) Provide one similarity between the action potential of an autorhythmic cell and the action potential of a neuron.c) Provide one difference between the action potential of an autorhythmic cell and the action potential of a neuron.
- How does the AP relate to mechanical events occurring in the heart?What neurotransmitters are released by the parasympatheticand sympathetic postganglionic neurons of the heart?What effects do they have on membrane permeability andexcitability?Describe the electrical event in the heart that occurs during each of the following: (a) the QRS wave of the ECG; (b) the T wave of the ECG; (c) the P-R interval of the ECG.
- We analyzed the difference between the action potential of a cardiac contractile cell and an action potential in a neuron. Describe the physiological mechanisms behind the primary difference in the shape of these two action potentials. Why is this feature important to the normal workings of the heart?Which of the following would most likely cause a baroreflex-mediatedincrease in heart rate?A)Intravenous administration of an alpha- 1 adrenergic receptor agonist.B)Intravenous administration of vasopressin.C)Stimulation of the arterial baroreceptor afferents.D)Profuse sweating for an hour without any fluid replacement.I need to calculate the approximate heart rate based on the given ECG results, but I can't get how to determine the length of time between two consecutive R waves. What I see, it's one second between the two highest waves (I suppose they are R waves). But it means the heart rate should be 60 beats per minute, but there is no option for this answer. Teach me how to determine correctly the length of time between two consecutive R waves.