Classes Of Functional Groups
Organic Chemistry deals mostly with carbon and hydrogens, also called hydrocarbons, but those groups which replace hydrogen and bonds with carbon to give a characteristic nature, unique of their own, to the hydrocarbon they are attached to, are called functional groups. All the compounds belonging to a functional group undergo reactions in a similar pattern and are known to have similar physical and chemical properties.
Characteristics Of Functional Groups
In organic chemistry, we encounter a number of special substituent groups which are attached to the hydrocarbon backbone. These groups impart certain characteristics to the molecule of which it is a part of and thus, become the highlight of that particular molecule.
IUPAC Nomenclature
In Chemistry, IUPAC stands for International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry which suggested a systematic naming approach for the organic and inorganic compounds, as in the beginning stage of nomenclature one single chemical compound was named in many ways by which lead to confusion. The need for this approach aroused as the number of chemical compounds newly discovered were increasing (approximately 32 million compounds) and the basic concept of nomenclature i.e. the trivial nomenclature and the derived system of nomenclature failed to overcome the challenge. It is an important task to name a chemical compound systematically and unambiguously which reduces lots of confusion about the newly reported compounds.
![Average Bond Enthalpies
Average Bond Enthalpies
Bond
C=C
CEC
C=N
KJ/mol
614
839
Bond KJ/mol Bond
KJ/mol Bond KJ/mol Bond
KJ/mol
С-Н
413
N-H
391
O-H
463
F-F
155
146
190
C-C
348
N-N
163
201
0-0
O-F
CI-F
253
242
615
891
799
1072
C-N
293
N-O
CI-CI
CEN
C-O
C-F
C-CI
C-Br
358
N-F
N-CI
272
O-CI
203
Br-F
Br-CI
Br-Br
237
485
200
234
218
C=0
328
N-Br
243
193
CEO
276
240
259
S-H
S-F
S-CI
S-Br
339
327
253
218
C-I
C-S
H-H
H-F
H-CI
H-Br
436
567
431
I-CI
I-Br
208
175
151
N=N
418
NEN
941
Si-H 323
Si-Si 226
366
S-S
266
N=O
607
299
Si-C 301
B-H
389
P-H
322
S=0
S=S
523
418
Si-O 368
B-O
B-F
536
Si-CI 464
613
B-CI
456
B-Br
377
O2
495
Acid
pK,
so Solids
Naci 72.1
HC=C-H
25
Liquids
HBr
сH,он 237.6
CH,
228.9 H,0
Ca,(PO 236
Gases
HCI
| N.O
Mg
CaCo,
198.7
32.7
MgH, 31.1
29.1
51.4
64.7
27.2
92.9
186.9
219.9
211.2
240.1
304.3
232.0
Cacl,
H,C=CH-H
44
N,0
NO
113.8
Li
Cа(он), 76.1
Na
K
Fe
172.8
69.9
216.3
NO,
H;C-CH2-H
50
PCI,
Cac,
glucose
352.7
70.0
209.2
5.6
186.9
B,H,
CH
NH2-H
FeCl, 142.3
35
Gases
H,
N,
186.3
в
B
5.90
130.7
C,H,
C,H.
C,H,
200.8
219.6
229.6
126.0
146.2
Si
I
18.8 NH,CI
Ca,(PO, 238.5 Mg(OH), 63.2
191.5
H-H
36
205.1
192.5
238.9
197.7
H,PO, "110
Na,so, 149.6
Na,co, 136.0
NaOH 52.3
Na, PO, 224.7
LICI
Mgo
MgCl,
Naci(aq) 115.5
Не
CH,CH,OH
15.9
kJ/mol
2.1
4.2
Ne
CI
OH
Ar
154.8
co,
F2
ci,
213.7
202.8
223
310
Kr
R-CO2-H
5
164.0
169.6
CH,
55.2
26.8
89.5
7.6
8.0
9.2
22.8
Xe
CH,CH,
HCI
-8
ipr
t-Bu
Strong Base
Weak Base
Weak Base
Strong Base
Weak Nucleophile Strong Nucleophile Strong Nucleophile Weak Nucleophile
H', DBN, DBU
OH", RO
I, Br", CI', RS"
HS', RSH, H,S
H20, ROH
DBN
DBU
Radical Stability
Bond Dissociation Energy, kJ/mole
CH, CH;CH; (CH3)2CH2 (CH3);CH allyl-H Benzyl-H phenyl-H vinyl-H
431
410
396
381
356
356
431
427
allyl, benzyl > 3° > 2° > 1° > CH3
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