Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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Question 13

Transcribed Image Text:13. At room temperature, the equilibrium mole fraction of vacancies in a crystal is 10-12. Now
the crystal is subjected to irradiation which creates a great number of vacancies leading to a
vacancy mole fraction of 0.01. What is the chemical potential of the vacancies in the irradiated
crystal?
14. Consider the equilibrium between an Einstein crystal and its vapor. The chemical potential of
an ideal monatomic gas is
(2rm)3/² (kgT)5/21
Hg = -kgTln
ph3
The chemical potential of an Einstein crystal at low temperatures can be approximated as
Expert Solution

Step 1
Chemical potential is defined as the change in energy of the system upon addition or removal of a certain number of particles. In the given crystal, upon irradiation, the number of vacancies increases which changes the chemical potential of the crystal. Room temperature is 298 K.
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