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Muscles are made up of many muscle fibers. Each muscle fiber is a multi-nucleated cell made by the fusion of many myocytes (muscle cells). A muscle fiber does not divide. A decrease in the number of myocytes through a decrease in cell division or an increase in myocyte apoptosis leads to fewer muscle fibers being formed and thus smaller muscles. A decrease in myocyte size through a decrease in cell growth leads to a decrease in the size of each muscle fiber and thus a consequent decrease in the muscle size. Myostatin dimerizes and binds to the activin receptor on myocytes, which brings together two action receptors and results in a conformational change in the cytoplasmic domain, resulting in activation of a tyrosine kinase in the activin receptor cytoplasmic domain, which phosphorylates the SMAD transcription factor and activates it. Activated SMAD and other enzymes activated by myostatin signaling transactivates genes that inhibit the cell cycle (p21), inhibit protein synthesis and degradation, or promote apoptosis. How does myostatin decrease muscle size through myocyte growth? Choose all the answers that are correct. O a. Myostatin binding to the activin receptor results in an increase in protein degradation in myocytes. O b. Myostatin binding to the activin receptor results in an increase in protein translation in myocytes. O c. Myostatin binding to the activin receptor results in a decrease in protein translation in myocytes. O d. Myostatin binding to the activin receptor results in a decrease in protein degradation in myocytes.

Muscles are made up of many muscle fibers. Each muscle fiber is a multi-nucleated cell made by the fusion of many myocytes (muscle cells). A muscle fiber does not divide. A decrease in the number of myocytes through a decrease in cell division or an increase in myocyte apoptosis leads to fewer muscle fibers being formed and thus smaller muscles. A decrease in myocyte size through a decrease in cell growth leads to a decrease in the size of each muscle fiber and thus a consequent decrease in the muscle size. Myostatin dimerizes and binds to the activin receptor on myocytes, which brings together two action receptors and results in a conformational change in the cytoplasmic domain, resulting in activation of a tyrosine kinase in the activin receptor cytoplasmic domain, which phosphorylates the SMAD transcription factor and activates it. Activated SMAD and other enzymes activated by myostatin signaling transactivates genes that inhibit the cell cycle (p21), inhibit protein synthesis and degradation, or promote apoptosis. How does myostatin decrease muscle size through myocyte growth? Choose all the answers that are correct. O a. Myostatin binding to the activin receptor results in an increase in protein degradation in myocytes. O b. Myostatin binding to the activin receptor results in an increase in protein translation in myocytes. O c. Myostatin binding to the activin receptor results in a decrease in protein translation in myocytes. O d. Myostatin binding to the activin receptor results in a decrease in protein degradation in myocytes.

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
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Muscles are made up of many muscle fibers. Each muscle fiber is a multi-nucleated cell made by the fusion of many myocytes (muscle cells). A muscle fiber does not divide. A decrease in the number of myocytes through a decrease in cell division or an increase in myocyte apoptosis leads to fewer muscle fibers being formed and thus smaller muscles. A decrease in myocyte size through a decrease in cell growth leads to a decrease in the size of each muscle fiber and thus a consequent decrease in the muscle size. Myostatin dimerizes and binds to the activin receptor on myocytes, which brings together two action receptors and results in a conformational change in the cytoplasmic domain, resulting in activation of a tyrosine kinase in the activin receptor cytoplasmic domain, which phosphorylates the SMAD transcription factor and activates it. Activated SMAD and other enzymes activated by myostatin signaling transactivates genes that inhibit the cell cycle (p21), inhibit protein synthesis and degradation, or promote apoptosis. How does myostatin decrease muscle size through myocyte growth? Choose all the answers that are correct. O a. Myostatin binding to the activin receptor results in an increase in protein degradation in myocytes. b. Myostatin binding to the activin receptor results in an increase in protein translation in myocytes. c. Myostatin binding to the activin receptor results in a decrease in protein translation in myocytes. O d. Myostatin binding to the activin receptor results in a decrease in protein degradation in myocytes.
Transcribed Image Text:Muscles are made up of many muscle fibers. Each muscle fiber is a multi-nucleated cell made by the fusion of many myocytes (muscle cells). A muscle fiber does not divide. A decrease in the number of myocytes through a decrease in cell division or an increase in myocyte apoptosis leads to fewer muscle fibers being formed and thus smaller muscles. A decrease in myocyte size through a decrease in cell growth leads to a decrease in the size of each muscle fiber and thus a consequent decrease in the muscle size. Myostatin dimerizes and binds to the activin receptor on myocytes, which brings together two action receptors and results in a conformational change in the cytoplasmic domain, resulting in activation of a tyrosine kinase in the activin receptor cytoplasmic domain, which phosphorylates the SMAD transcription factor and activates it. Activated SMAD and other enzymes activated by myostatin signaling transactivates genes that inhibit the cell cycle (p21), inhibit protein synthesis and degradation, or promote apoptosis. How does myostatin decrease muscle size through myocyte growth? Choose all the answers that are correct. O a. Myostatin binding to the activin receptor results in an increase in protein degradation in myocytes. b. Myostatin binding to the activin receptor results in an increase in protein translation in myocytes. c. Myostatin binding to the activin receptor results in a decrease in protein translation in myocytes. O d. Myostatin binding to the activin receptor results in a decrease in protein degradation in myocytes.
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