Modify the molecules so that they show the form that is dominant at physiological pH.

Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
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Modify the molecules so that they show the form that is dominant at physiological pH.

**Title: Understanding Dominant Chemical Forms at Physiological pH**

## Introduction
Chemical compounds can exhibit different forms depending on the pH of their environment. At physiological pH (~7.4), certain atoms in a molecule can gain or lose protons, affecting the molecule’s charge and structure.

## Cadaverine
The structural formula for cadaverine is shown, emphasizing its configuration in a neutral form:

- **Structure:**
  - Cadaverine is represented with two amine groups (–NH₂) connected by a chain of methylene groups (–CH₂–).
  - Structure: H₂N–CH₂–CH₂–CH₂–CH₂–NH₂

## Octopamine
The structural formula for octopamine at physiological pH is detailed, highlighting its physiological form:

- **Structure:**
  - Octopamine features an amine group (–NH₃⁺) and a hydroxy group (–OH) attached to a benzene ring.
  - The amine group is protonated (–NH₃⁺) due to the physiological pH.
  - Structure:  
    ```
       H   OH
        \   |
         N+--CH2---C
        /        \
       H        CH
                  | \
                 CH  CH
                   \    /
                     C
                     ||
                     O
    ```
  
## Conclusion
Understanding the dominant forms of compounds at physiological pH is critical for predicting their behavior in biological systems. Notice how the cadaverine maintains a linear configuration, while octopamine exhibits a more complex structure due to its functional groups and aromatic ring.
Transcribed Image Text:**Title: Understanding Dominant Chemical Forms at Physiological pH** ## Introduction Chemical compounds can exhibit different forms depending on the pH of their environment. At physiological pH (~7.4), certain atoms in a molecule can gain or lose protons, affecting the molecule’s charge and structure. ## Cadaverine The structural formula for cadaverine is shown, emphasizing its configuration in a neutral form: - **Structure:** - Cadaverine is represented with two amine groups (–NH₂) connected by a chain of methylene groups (–CH₂–). - Structure: H₂N–CH₂–CH₂–CH₂–CH₂–NH₂ ## Octopamine The structural formula for octopamine at physiological pH is detailed, highlighting its physiological form: - **Structure:** - Octopamine features an amine group (–NH₃⁺) and a hydroxy group (–OH) attached to a benzene ring. - The amine group is protonated (–NH₃⁺) due to the physiological pH. - Structure: ``` H OH \ | N+--CH2---C / \ H CH | \ CH CH \ / C || O ``` ## Conclusion Understanding the dominant forms of compounds at physiological pH is critical for predicting their behavior in biological systems. Notice how the cadaverine maintains a linear configuration, while octopamine exhibits a more complex structure due to its functional groups and aromatic ring.
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