Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
1. How many sp^3 orbitals does your oxygen have? *
2. How many Pi bond/s connect/s your Oxygen to your Carbon? *
3. How many sigma bond/s connect/s your Oxygen to your Carbon? *
4. Which line representation would tell the viewer of which hydrogen is toward him/her (closest to the viewer)? *
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. None of the above
5. What hybrid orbital do all your central atoms have? *
A. sp
B. sp^2
C. sp^3
D. spd^3
6. If we are to consider only your C-O-C, what geometry will they form? *
A. tetrahedral
B. trigonal pyramidal
C. trigonal planar
D. linear
E. bent
7. What angle will be closest to the angle of number 1? *
A. 180
B. 109.5
C. 120
D. 90
8. What angle will be closest to the angle of number 2? *
A. 180
B. 109.5
C. 120
D. 90
9. How many hybrid orbitals that formed covalent bonds can you count? *1 point
A. 6
B. 7
C. 8
D. 9
E. 10
F. 11
10. How many atoms were bonded covalently? *
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