Many of the more efficient --------------- signature schemes have the drawback that the singer must keep a record of the exact number of previously signed messages, and any error in this record will result in insecurity.
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15. Many of the more efficient --------------- signature schemes have the drawback that the singer must keep a record of the exact number of previously signed messages, and any error in this record will result in insecurity.
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- 9. Cryptology is the science of making and breaking codes. This lab explores how the idea or functions and their inverses can be used to encode and decode messages. To encode and decode a message, first replace each letter of the alphabet with a positive integer using the following scheme, thus rewriting the original message as numbers instead of words: P- 16 Q- 17 R- 18 S- 19 T-20 Z-26 Blank - 27 A – 1 В - 2 С -3 D- 4 E- 5 F- 6 G- 7 H-8 |- 9 J- 10 K- 11 L-12 М -13 N- 14 O- 15 U- 21 V- 22 W-23 X-24 Y-25 ENCODING: A one-to-one function can be used to encode a numerical message. For example, suppose you want to send the message MATH to a friend, and you have decided that the function f(x) = 3x + 4 will be the encoding function, This function simply describes the procedure used to create the encoded message – in this case multiply by 3 and add 4. First change the letters to corresponding numbers as shown above: 13 1 20 8. Then use these as the input values in f(x). Tuoy Jud noltonut…Design an unambiguous PDA for the language BIT defined below: BIT = {w| the k-th bit from left in the string w is a 0 where k is the number of l's in w}. For example, the string 100110 is in BIT since the third bit (shown in bold) is a 0 and k = 3. As another example, 1ª is not in BIT for any n. Also 0" E BIT for all n by definition.a. Give an example of a value that can't be represented in 32-bit IEEE because it doesn't have a finite representation in binary. Explain (i.e. show that it doesn't have a finite representation). b. Give an example of a value that can't be represented in 32-bit IEEE because it's out of the range of values that can be represented in this format. Explain (i.e. show that this value is out of the range of expressible values of 32-bit IEEE 754).
- Design a DFA to accept all binary strings over {0, 1} which are not divisible by 4. (For example, a string 1010 in binary is equivalent to 10 in decimal and 10 is not divisible by 4)In the Hamming coding system (7.3), its representation is expressed as 3 control (test) bits and 7 total bits (data+control bits).In the literature, control bits are represented as (cl, c2, c3, or (pl, p2, p3, .) The bit string sent by encoding with Hamming coding (15,4) is on the receiving side, It is retrieved as 001100101100 (pl.p2.dll). According to this bit sequence;Which option is given according to the control bits (p1.p2.p3.p4) sequence of the received bit sequence?A 0110B 1100C 1001D 0011E 0010• Convert the following INFIX into POSTFIX & PREFIX • (a) A – B + C • (b) (A – B) + C * D/E-C • (c) (A * B) + (C / D) – (D + E) • (d) ((A – B) + D/ ((E + F) * G)) • (e) (A– 2 * (B + C) / D * E) + F
- What is the Huffman code for a string consisting entirely of letters from a two-character alphabet? Give an example of the most bits that might be utilised in a Huffman code for an N-character string whose characters are all from a two-character alphabet.Computer Science Code in C++ Huffman encoding and decoding with the methods below. You have recently been employed by the Data Transmission Corporation as a network engineer. Your first task at DTC is to reduce the cost and improve performance of their network. Currently characters are encoded using UTF-8. Recent analysis of your network has indicated that the characters in use on the network are only those in the lowercase Latin (ascii) alphabet. Your task is to implement a new encoding for these characters that is better than UTF-8. The public interface should be as follows: //public constructor passing array of letter frequencies. Encoder(std::shared_ptr<std::vector<int>>); //Encode std::string into a sequence of bytes. std::shared_ptr<std::vector<char>> Encode(std::string); //Decode an array of bytes into a std::string. std::string Decode(std::shared_ptr<std::vector<char>>); Serious answers only!!Please answer both questions, exactly with explanation: # A password generator creates a 10-character case-sensitive alphanumeric (a-zA-Z0-9) password keyed by pseudo-random number generator that has deterministic output based on a 32-bit seed (e.g., a 32-bit integer) provided by the user. How many passwords are possible? If it takes .0001 seconds to check a password, what will the average length of time be for a successful brute force attack?
- Find the representation x of the following signed numbers listed below in the base specified on the right; 1.- (01100110)2=(x )10 2.- (10110111)2=( x )10 3.- (207)10=( x )2 4.- (-135)10=( x )2 5.- (2D7)16=( x )2 6.- (10110011)2=(x )16 7.- (-5.5)10=( x )2 8.- (11000001010000000000000000001010)2=( x )10 Note: In question 8 the binary representation on the left corresponds to a real number representation.Implement the following error detection and error correction algorithms using C programming for Hamming code. For Hamming codes, flip a bit in the data and implement the algorithm to correct the same on the receiver side.Given the expression A || B && !C || !D, convert to PREFIX and POSTFIX.
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