Male fraternal twins born to sport stars got separated at birth and raised in differentenvironmental conditions seem to like taking part in different sporting activities; thus,taking after their parents. However, from observations, one twin performs much betterthan the other. In terms of behavioural genetics discuss how you would study the geneticbasis of differences in the twins’ sporting performance. Take into consideration theuse of modern genetic techniques. In addition to nature, how does nurturehave a role in their performance differences.

Twin studies are often used in the research of human behavioral traits. Although helpful, there are limitations to these studies. All of the following are limitations to twin studies EXCEPT: Traits are assumed to be simple Mendelian inheritance, discounting additive alleles and epistasis Dizygotic twins will often share more than 50% of their genes Monozygotic twins are often treated more similarity than dizygotic twins O Twins studies are a mechanism to understand the genetic and environmental components of a trait Twins reared apart are often adopted out to families of similar income, ethnicity, and religion

1. Both parents are homozygous for the allele for myostatin that results in typical muscles (mm x mm). a. Part A (fill in the boxes): m m m 12 b. Part B (fill in the boxes): Total number of offspring with the heavily muscled phenotype Proportion and percent of heavily muscled offspring Total number of offspring with the in-between phenotype Proportion and percent of in-between offspring Total number of offspring with typical muscles Proportion and percent of typical muscled offspring Total: 100%

Behavioral geneticists attempted the controversial goal of rooting complex social and behavioral traits like intelligence, educational attainment, or even sexual preference to genetic differences between individuals. In pursuit of these goals, linkage studies and GWAS eventually identified hundreds of genetic variants associated with such behavioral traits. Describe the methods used in large-scale studies on same-sex sexual behavior. Summarize results of such studies. What is your reaction to such findings? Are you convinced that there are indeed gay genes?

Does blood type determine your personality? In a study aimed at answering this question, a random sample of 100 adults was given a personality test, and a comparison was made between the scores on the introversion/extroversion scale and blood type (A, B, AB, О). (a) Is this an experiment, a retrospective observational study, or a prospective observational study? (b) Comment on the extent to which inferences can be drawn about a larger population and whether cause and effect can be established.

In the context of genetic influence on individual differences, the degree of genetic influence typically   a. increases from infancy through childhood, and then decreases from childhood through adulthood.   b. decreases from infancy through adulthood.   c. remains stable from infancy through adulthood.   d. increases from infancy through adulthood.

How is the “NOR score” calculated for an animal? (i.e., monkey or rat)

From a biological viewpoint, speculate as to why many traits seemto fit a normal distribution. Students with a strong background inmath and statistics may want to explain how a normal distributionis generated, and what it means. Can you think of biological examplesthat do not fit a normal distribution?

Characteristics can be impacted by both genetic and environmental factors. What is one piece of evidence that can be used to show this?

I'm having trouble finding the dependent and independent variables of this scenaro:  Average IQ scores for young school children are known to be 100 (SD = 15).  However, the literature indicates that children’s intelligence may be decreased if their mothers have German measles during pregnancy.  Using hospital records, a researcher obtained a sample of n = 25 school children whose mothers all had German measles during their pregnancies.  Do the data indicate that children born to mothers who had German measles during the pregnancy have significantly lower IQ scores than typical young school children?