Macmillan Learning During exercise when the body lacks an adequate supply of oxygen to support energy production, the pyruvate that is produced from the breakdown of glucose is converted into lactate. High lactate levels can lead to acidity in the muscle cells as some of the lactate hydrolyzes to lactic acid. The dissociation of lactic acid to lactate is shown in the reaction. Lactic acid has a pK, of 3.86. OH OH OH Ο + H Lactic acid Lactate A solution containing a mixture of lactic acid and lactate was found to have a pH of 3.13. Calculate the ratio of the lactate concentration to the lactic acid concentration in this solution. [lactate] [lactic acid]

Digitalis is a preparation made from the dried seeds and leaves of the purple foxglove, Digitalis purpurea, a plant native to southern and central Europe and cultivated in the United States. The preparation is a mixture of several active components, including digitalin. Digi- talis is used in medicine to increase the force of myocardial contraction and as a conduction depressant to decrease heart rate (the heart pumps more forcefully but less often). HC OH H,C H CH3 H. H. (a) Describe this glycosidic bond OCH, H A (b) Draw an open-chain Fischer projection of this monosaccharide CH3 H. (e) Describe this glycosidic bond OCH, HA H. HO H) H. OH НО (d) Name this monosaccharide unit H. OH Digitalin

(k) (1) Me. an allene CH₂ CO₂Me Ph N₂ a. TsN 3, DBU b. Rh₂(OAC)4 CO₂Me Rh₂(OAC)4

Q2 CH,OH CH,OPO,2- H H OH H OH 0-PO,2- но но OH H. OH OH Glucose-1-phosphate Glucose-6-phosphate Calculate the standard free-energy change (AG°) fo the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme phosphoglucomutase. When at standard temperature (25 °C) and pressure, the equilibrium of each molecule is 1 mM glucose 1-phosphate and 19 mM glucose 6-phosphate. HINT: at 25 °C, RT = 2.479 kJ/mol

Glycolysis is the process by which glucose is metabolized to lactic acid according to the equation C6H12O6(aq)2C3H6O3(aq) G=198 kJ at pH 7.0 and 25°C Glycolysis is the source of energy in human red blood cells. In these cells, the concentration of glucose is 5.0103 M, while that of lactic acid is 2.9103 M. Calculate AG for glycolysis in human blood cells under these conditions. Use the equation G=G+RT In Q, where Q is the concentration quotient, analogous to K.

Plants synthesize carbohydrates from CO2 and H2O by the process of photosynthesis. For example, 6CO2(g)+6H2O(l)C6H12O6(aq)+6O2(g) G=2.87103 kJ at pH 7.0 and 25°C. What is K for the reaction at 25°C?

Digitalis is a preparation made from the dried seeds and leaves of the purple foxglove, Digitalis purpurea, a plant native to southern and central Europe and cultivated in the United States. The preparation is a mixture of several active components, including digitalin. Digitalis is used in medicine to increase the force of myocardial contraction and as a conduction depressant to decrease heart rate (the heart pumps more forcefully but less often).

Write Kc or Kp of the following: CH3 COOH (aq) + C2 H5 OH (aq) ↔ CH3 COOC2 5 (aq) + H2O (l)

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Write KC or KP of the following:CH3 COOH (aq) + C2 H5 OH (aq) ↔ CH3 COOC2H5 (aq) + H2O (l)