**Table 4. Mortality rates (per 1,000 person-years), rate ratios, and excess deaths from lung cancer and cardiovascular disease by smoking status, Doll and Hill physician cohort study, Great Britain, 1951-1961.**| **Mortality rate per 1,000 person-years** | **Smokers** | **Non-smokers** | **All** | **Rate ratio** | **Excess deaths per 1000 person-years** | **Attributable risk percent among smokers** ||-------------------------------------------|-------------|-----------------|---------|----------------|----------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------|| Lung cancer | 1.30 | 0.07 | 0.94 | 18.5 | 1.23 | 95% || Cardiovascular disease | 9.51 | 7.32 | 8.87 | 1.3 | 2.19 | 23% |**Question 7:** Which cause of death has a stronger association with smoking? Why?**Explanation of the Table:**This table presents the mortality rates, rate ratios, excess deaths, and attributable risk percentages for lung cancer and cardiovascular disease among smokers and non-smokers from a study conducted in Great Britain between 1951 and 1961. - **Mortality Rate per 1,000 person-years:** This indicates the number of deaths per 1,000 individuals in a year for smokers and non-smokers.- **Rate Ratio:** This metric shows how many times higher the death rate is among smokers compared to non-smokers.- **Excess Deaths per 1000 person-years:** This reflects the additional deaths per year per 1,000 people attributable to smoking.- **Attributable Risk Percent among Smokers:** This percentage indicates how much of the mortality risk can be attributed to smoking.**Key Points:**- Lung cancer has a much higher rate ratio (18.5) compared to cardiovascular disease (1.3), indicating that smokers are 18.5 times more likely to die from lung cancer than non-smokers, whereas they are only 1.3 times more likely to die from cardiovascular disease.- The attributable risk percent for lung cancer among smokers is 95%, suggesting that smoking is responsible for nearly all lung cancer deaths among smokers. In contrast, for cardiovascular disease, the

Smoking causes infections in lungs and cardiovascular organs. The death from smoking is often caused…

Lung cancer Cardiovascular disease Mortality rate per 1,000 person-years Smokers 1.30 9.51 Non-smokers 0.07 7.32 All 0.94 8.87 Rate ratio 18.5 1.3 Excess deaths per 1000 person-years 1.23 2.19 7) Which cause of death has a stronger association with smoking. Why? Attributable risk percent among smokers 95% 23%

Lung cancer Cardiovascular disease Mortality rate per 1,000 person-years Smokers 1.30 9.51 Non-smokers 0.07 7.32 All 0.94 8.87 Rate ratio 18.5 1.3 Excess deaths per 1000 person-years 1.23 2.19 7) Which cause of death has a stronger association with smoking. Why? Attributable risk percent among smokers 95% 23%

ENGR.ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

14th Edition

ISBN:9780190931919

Author:NEWNAN

Publisher:NEWNAN

Chapter1: Making Economics Decisions

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1QTC

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