Low carbon steel having a tensile strength of 450 MPa and a shear strength of 270 MPa is cut in a turning operation with a cutting speed of 2500 mm/s. The feed is 0.15 mm/rev, and the depth of cut is 0.25 cm. The rake angle of the tool is 12° in the direction of chip flow. The resulting chip ratio is 0.55. Using the orthogonal model as an approximation of turning, determine (a) the shear plane angle, (b) shear force, (c) cutting force and feed force.

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