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list at least 2 management practices which will increase soil organic matter

list at least 2 management practices which will increase soil organic matter

Applications and Investigations in Earth Science (9th Edition)
Applications and Investigations in Earth Science (9th Edition)
9th Edition
ISBN:9780134746241
Author:Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. Tasa
Publisher:Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. Tasa
Chapter1: The Study Of Minerals
Section: Chapter Questions
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6.) list at least 2 management practices which will increase soil organic matter 7.) for each that you have listed in question 6 briefly describe what is happening that causes the increase Use the pictures to answer the question to the best of your ability
Earth SUPPLEMENTAL EXERCISES - ESCI 103L - Cuyahoga Community College ■ Minimizing erosion, which helps to maintain the content of SOM. Most SOM is in the upper part of the soil; thus, the content is reduced when the soil erodes. nibba ■ Properly fertilizing according to results of soil tests. Proper fertilization encourages the growth of plants. Root and top growth can help to increase or maintain the content of SOM, even if much of the top growth is removed. Using perennial forage plants to provide for annual dieback and regrowth of perennial grasses. The fibrous root systems of perennial grasses are particularly effective as a binding agent in soil aggregation. The extensive root systems and biomass of perennial forage plants also contribute organic matter to the soil. gill senos noludhleib allem oinago log Unsinoo olem Relationship of Soil Organic Matter to Soil Functions Under average conditions in temperate regions, approximately 1.5 percent of SOM mineralizes annually (2 percent for spring- planted row crops, 1 percent for small grain, and 0.5 percent for perennial grass; Ray Ward, 2012) and the content of SOM can be maintained at current levels in soils that have 2 to 5 percent SOM (Doran, 2012). Mineralization rates and loss of SOM can increase dramatically under certain temperature, aeration, and moisture conditions. Key soil functions for which SOM is needed include: ■ Nutrient supply.-When SOM decomposes, nutrients are released and are available for plant use. Each percentage of SOM in the upper 6 inches (15.2 cm) of a medium textured soil (silt or loam with a bulk density of 1.2) releases about 10 to 20 pounds of nitrogen, 1 to 2 pounds of phosphorus, and 0.4 to 0.8 pounds of sulfur per acre per year. SOM maintains a supply of many nutrients for plant use s(if the soil is not too acid), minimizes leaching of nutrients, and increases the availability of some up nutrients. ■ Available water capacity.-Organic matter acts similarly to a sponge. It can absorb and hold as much as 90 percent of its weight in water. Organic matter also releases nearly all of its stored water out for plant use. In contrast, clay holds high quantities of water but much of it is unavailable to plants.stem Soil aggregation.-Organic matter contributes to soil aggregation, which improves soil structure.b Better soil structure increases the infiltration of water through the soil and improves the ability of the soil to take in and hold water.s onegia evils to insipid a over eatspens ejde Erosion. Because SOM increases water infiltration and stabilizes soil aggregates, the risk of erosion is minimized. " мог Soil carbon retention.-Stabilized SOM sequesters atmospheric carbon. If continued SOM- enhancing management practices are used, the amount of CO2 released in the atmosphere is gen minimized. 1916 MOS to insinco Estimating the amount of organic material needed to increase SOM: The term steady state refers to the condition in which the amount of organic matter added from crop residue, roots, and manure or other organic material equals the rate of decomposition. If the amount of organic matter added is less than the rate of decomposition, the content of SOM will decline. Conversely, if the amount of organic matter added is higher than the rate of decomposition, the content of SOM will increase. noleats to len erit bois noillaoqmedeballem 16 Edited from D. Steer, The Good Earth. Also created by K. Sasowsky (Sup. Ex.3, 7, 6a, parts of Sup. Ex. A&B, part, 24, 25, 38, Sup. Alt. Energy 1 and 2, Sup. Switch the Energy Project Discussion Questions); copyrights retained by authors, 2021.
Transcribed Image Text:Earth SUPPLEMENTAL EXERCISES - ESCI 103L - Cuyahoga Community College ■ Minimizing erosion, which helps to maintain the content of SOM. Most SOM is in the upper part of the soil; thus, the content is reduced when the soil erodes. nibba ■ Properly fertilizing according to results of soil tests. Proper fertilization encourages the growth of plants. Root and top growth can help to increase or maintain the content of SOM, even if much of the top growth is removed. Using perennial forage plants to provide for annual dieback and regrowth of perennial grasses. The fibrous root systems of perennial grasses are particularly effective as a binding agent in soil aggregation. The extensive root systems and biomass of perennial forage plants also contribute organic matter to the soil. gill senos noludhleib allem oinago log Unsinoo olem Relationship of Soil Organic Matter to Soil Functions Under average conditions in temperate regions, approximately 1.5 percent of SOM mineralizes annually (2 percent for spring- planted row crops, 1 percent for small grain, and 0.5 percent for perennial grass; Ray Ward, 2012) and the content of SOM can be maintained at current levels in soils that have 2 to 5 percent SOM (Doran, 2012). Mineralization rates and loss of SOM can increase dramatically under certain temperature, aeration, and moisture conditions. Key soil functions for which SOM is needed include: ■ Nutrient supply.-When SOM decomposes, nutrients are released and are available for plant use. Each percentage of SOM in the upper 6 inches (15.2 cm) of a medium textured soil (silt or loam with a bulk density of 1.2) releases about 10 to 20 pounds of nitrogen, 1 to 2 pounds of phosphorus, and 0.4 to 0.8 pounds of sulfur per acre per year. SOM maintains a supply of many nutrients for plant use s(if the soil is not too acid), minimizes leaching of nutrients, and increases the availability of some up nutrients. ■ Available water capacity.-Organic matter acts similarly to a sponge. It can absorb and hold as much as 90 percent of its weight in water. Organic matter also releases nearly all of its stored water out for plant use. In contrast, clay holds high quantities of water but much of it is unavailable to plants.stem Soil aggregation.-Organic matter contributes to soil aggregation, which improves soil structure.b Better soil structure increases the infiltration of water through the soil and improves the ability of the soil to take in and hold water.s onegia evils to insipid a over eatspens ejde Erosion. Because SOM increases water infiltration and stabilizes soil aggregates, the risk of erosion is minimized. " мог Soil carbon retention.-Stabilized SOM sequesters atmospheric carbon. If continued SOM- enhancing management practices are used, the amount of CO2 released in the atmosphere is gen minimized. 1916 MOS to insinco Estimating the amount of organic material needed to increase SOM: The term steady state refers to the condition in which the amount of organic matter added from crop residue, roots, and manure or other organic material equals the rate of decomposition. If the amount of organic matter added is less than the rate of decomposition, the content of SOM will decline. Conversely, if the amount of organic matter added is higher than the rate of decomposition, the content of SOM will increase. noleats to len erit bois noillaoqmedeballem 16 Edited from D. Steer, The Good Earth. Also created by K. Sasowsky (Sup. Ex.3, 7, 6a, parts of Sup. Ex. A&B, part, 24, 25, 38, Sup. Alt. Energy 1 and 2, Sup. Switch the Energy Project Discussion Questions); copyrights retained by authors, 2021.
6. List at least 2 manageme Earth SUPPLEMENTAL EXERCISES - ESCI 103L - Cuyahoga Community College Soils that support grass vegetation (prairie) commonly have at least twice as much organic matter as eashose that support forest vegetation. Both the top growth and roots of grass vegetation dies Continually each growing season, adding organic matter to the upper part of the soil. Soils that support forest vegetation commonly have relatively low organic matter content as a result of the following: be 1. Trees produce a much smaller root mass per acre than do grasses. 2. Trees do not die back and decompose annually. Much of the organic matter in a forest is tied up in the wood of the trees and thus is not returned to the soil. asiq epsonated to 285moid tina ameteye foo Figure 2 is a general map of the soil organic matter distribution across the United States. The darker the area, the higher the organic matter content. nebriU anoltonu be of notis ainegro Hoe to quianodale Insiq-pnhqe erit bae (SOS 00) MO2 Insua omeqmal nishon net MO2 to oinoo bris eater noussin (SOS) eu Bau Jasiq ios-ben odibinoo enulalom one nollises Morlofriw not anoitonul lloe ya 102 nerWique Insitu MOB to apsinected los ceansles (S.1 to enabl o so baduttua to abnung 8.0 of 5.0 oils igure 2.-Soil organic matter content (from the SSURGO database [USDA, NRCS]).blas oot ton al lloa erit) aleitun Soil Organic Matter Management Under a given set of site conditions, SOM generally is highest in areas where soil disturbance is minimized, biomass production is higher, and organic um material is added to the soil. Plant residue that has a low C:N ratio (high nitrogen content) sol decomposes more quickly than residue with a high C:N ratio, and it does not increase the content of SOM as quickly. Excessive tillage destroys soil aggregates, increasing the rate of decomposition of SOM. Stable soil aggregates have a higher content of active organic matter with less rapid microbial decomposition. Measures that increase soil moisture and temperature and optimize aeration accelerate the decomposition of SOM. olebe Management practices can either degrade or increase SOM. Some key practices that can help to erine increase or maintain the content of SOM are: bas Using cropping systems that incorporate continuous no-till, cover crops, solid manure or other organic material, and diverse rotations that include high-residue crops and perennial legumes or grasses. lshetem ing Minimizing or eliminating tillage that results in microbial activity, increasing the rate of organic matter decomposition and the risk of erosion. 15 Edited from D. Steer, The Good Earth. Also created by K. Sasowsky (Sup. Ex.3, 7, 6a, parts of Sup. Ex. A&B, part, 24, 25, 38, Sup. Alt. Energy 1 and 2, Sup. Switch the Energy Project Discussion Questions); copyrights retained by authors, 2021.
Transcribed Image Text:6. List at least 2 manageme Earth SUPPLEMENTAL EXERCISES - ESCI 103L - Cuyahoga Community College Soils that support grass vegetation (prairie) commonly have at least twice as much organic matter as eashose that support forest vegetation. Both the top growth and roots of grass vegetation dies Continually each growing season, adding organic matter to the upper part of the soil. Soils that support forest vegetation commonly have relatively low organic matter content as a result of the following: be 1. Trees produce a much smaller root mass per acre than do grasses. 2. Trees do not die back and decompose annually. Much of the organic matter in a forest is tied up in the wood of the trees and thus is not returned to the soil. asiq epsonated to 285moid tina ameteye foo Figure 2 is a general map of the soil organic matter distribution across the United States. The darker the area, the higher the organic matter content. nebriU anoltonu be of notis ainegro Hoe to quianodale Insiq-pnhqe erit bae (SOS 00) MO2 Insua omeqmal nishon net MO2 to oinoo bris eater noussin (SOS) eu Bau Jasiq ios-ben odibinoo enulalom one nollises Morlofriw not anoitonul lloe ya 102 nerWique Insitu MOB to apsinected los ceansles (S.1 to enabl o so baduttua to abnung 8.0 of 5.0 oils igure 2.-Soil organic matter content (from the SSURGO database [USDA, NRCS]).blas oot ton al lloa erit) aleitun Soil Organic Matter Management Under a given set of site conditions, SOM generally is highest in areas where soil disturbance is minimized, biomass production is higher, and organic um material is added to the soil. Plant residue that has a low C:N ratio (high nitrogen content) sol decomposes more quickly than residue with a high C:N ratio, and it does not increase the content of SOM as quickly. Excessive tillage destroys soil aggregates, increasing the rate of decomposition of SOM. Stable soil aggregates have a higher content of active organic matter with less rapid microbial decomposition. Measures that increase soil moisture and temperature and optimize aeration accelerate the decomposition of SOM. olebe Management practices can either degrade or increase SOM. Some key practices that can help to erine increase or maintain the content of SOM are: bas Using cropping systems that incorporate continuous no-till, cover crops, solid manure or other organic material, and diverse rotations that include high-residue crops and perennial legumes or grasses. lshetem ing Minimizing or eliminating tillage that results in microbial activity, increasing the rate of organic matter decomposition and the risk of erosion. 15 Edited from D. Steer, The Good Earth. Also created by K. Sasowsky (Sup. Ex.3, 7, 6a, parts of Sup. Ex. A&B, part, 24, 25, 38, Sup. Alt. Energy 1 and 2, Sup. Switch the Energy Project Discussion Questions); copyrights retained by authors, 2021.
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