States of Matter
The substance that constitutes everything in the universe is known as matter. Matter comprises atoms which in turn are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Different atoms combine together to give rise to molecules that act as a foundation for all kinds of substances. There are five states of matter based on their energies of attraction, namely solid, liquid, gases, plasma, and BEC (Bose-Einstein condensates).
Chemical Reactions and Equations
When a chemical species is transformed into another chemical species it is said to have undergone a chemical reaction. It consists of breaking existing bonds and forming new bonds by changing the position of electrons. These reactions are best explained using a chemical equation.
The phase diagram for elemental sulfur is shown in Figure 6.18. (a) How many allotropes are shown? (b) What is the stable allotrope of sulfur under normal conditions of temperature and pressure? (c) Describe the changes to sulfur as its temperature is increased from 25?C while at 1 atm pressure.
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