Let's say you see a comet's nebulous (meaning `cloudy-looking') tail stretching across the sky, and it's several million kilometers long. How big is the solid object that has developed this tail, and what's it made of? a It's a giant planet like Jupiter or Saturn, made mostly of liquid hydrogen and helium. b It's a star like the Sun, just somewhat smaller than the Sun. c It's a chunk of icy material just a few kilometers across. d It's a terrestrial planetary body about the size of Earth or Venus, made mosty of rock and metal.

Let's say you see a comet's nebulous (meaning `cloudy-looking') tail stretching across the sky, and it's several million kilometers long. How big is the solid object that has developed this tail, and what's it made of? a It's a giant planet like Jupiter or Saturn, made mostly of liquid hydrogen and helium. b It's a star like the Sun, just somewhat smaller than the Sun. c It's a chunk of icy material just a few kilometers across. d It's a terrestrial planetary body about the size of Earth or Venus, made mosty of rock and metal.

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In the deep space between galaxies, the number density of atoms is as low as 106 atoms/m3, and the temperature is a frigid 2.7 K. A) What is the pressure, in pascals, in the region between galaxies? B)What volume, in cubic meters, is occupied by 1.5 mol of gas? C)
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You are out on a date, eating dinner in a restaurant that has several television screens. Most of the screens are showing sports events, but one near you and your date is showing a discussion of an upcoming voyage to Mars. (a) Your date says, "I wonder how long it takes to get to Mars?” Wanting to impress your date, you grab a napkin and draw Figure P13.9 on it. Even more impressively, you tell your date that the minimum-energy transfer orbit from Earth to Mars is an elliptical trajectory with the departure planet corresponding to the perihelion of the ellipse and the arrival planet at the aphelion. You pull out your smartphone, activate the calculator feature, and perform a calculation on another napkin to answer the question above that your date asked about the transfer time interval to Mars on this particular trajectory. (b) What If? Your date is impressed, but then asks you to determine the transit time to an inner planet, like Venus.
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