Let M3(R) be the set of 3 × 3 matrices with real entries. Define the sets  V1 = {A ∈ M3(R)| A is upper triangular }, V2 = {A ∈ M3(R)| A is invertible }, V3 = {A ∈ M3(R)| a1,1 + a2,2 + a3,3 = 0}. For each of the three sets, show whether or not it (a) is closed under addition (b) is closed under real scalar multiplication

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Chapter2: Second-order Linear Odes
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Let M3(R) be the set of 3 × 3 matrices with real entries. Define the sets 

V1 = {A ∈ M3(R)| A is upper triangular },

V2 = {A ∈ M3(R)| A is invertible },

V3 = {A ∈ M3(R)| a1,1 + a2,2 + a3,3 = 0}.

For each of the three sets, show whether or not it

(a) is closed under addition

(b) is closed under real scalar multiplication

(c) contains an additive identity (zero vector)

(d) contains the additive inverse of each of its elements

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