Let A and B be non-empty sets. (i) Suppose that there is a surjective function from A to B. Prove that if a 4 A and b g B then there is a surjective function from AU{a} to BU {b}. (ii) Suppose that there is no surjective function from A to B. Prove that if a 4 A and b ¢ B then there is no surjective function from AU{a} to B U{b}. (ii) Suppose that there is no surjective function from A to B. Is it true that if X is any set which is disjoint from both A and B, then there is no surjective function from AU X to BUX? Justify your answer briefly.

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Types of Bias

Statistics is the study of data collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation. Statistical bias is a characteristic of a statistical technique or its findings in which the expected value deviates from the actual root quantitative parameter being estimated. According to the actual definition of bias, it refers to the tendency of a statistic to overestimate or underestimate a parameter.