Let A = {a, b, c, d] and R= {(a, a), (b, b), (c, c), (d, d), (a, d), (d, a), (b, c), (c, b)} an equivalence relation on A. Select the following sets that are equivalence classes of R {a, b} {a} {a,b,c} {c, b} {a, d} {a,b,c,d} O{d} O{c, d}

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Concepts in Designing Database

A database design is the process of data organization based on a database model. The process deals with identifying what data should be stored in a database and how data elements relate to each other.

Entity Relationship Diagram

Complex real-world applications call for large volumes of data. Therefore, it is necessary to build a great database to store data safely and coherently. The ER data model aids in the process of database design. It helps outline the structure of an organization’s database by understanding the real-world interactions of objects related to the data. For example, if a school is tasked to store student information, then analyzing the correlation between the students, subjects, and teachers would help identify how the data needs to be stored.