Learning Goal: To understand some aspects of molecular motion in the gas phase. The kinetic molecular theory of gases explains how gas molecules behave in terms of motion, speed, and energy. One important aspect of this theory deals with the relationship between temperature and the average speed of the gas molecules. Increasing the temperature of a gas sample increases the average kinetic energy of the molecules. The kinetic energy of a molecule determines its speed. It is important to realize that not all molecules in a sample will have the same kinetic energy, which is why we refer to the average kinetic energy and the average speed. The speed of a particle with average kinetic energy is called the root mean square (rms) speed, Urms. The rms speed may be expressed by the following equation: 3RT Urms = V M where R is the ideal gas constant, T is the absolute temperature, and M is the molar mass of the substance in kilograms per mole. The constant motion of gas molecules causes diffusion and effusion. Diffusion is the gradual mixing of two substances resulting from the movement of their particles. Effusion is the gradual scape of gas molecules through microscopic holes in their container
Ideal and Real Gases
Ideal gases obey conditions of the general gas laws under all states of pressure and temperature. Ideal gases are also named perfect gases. The attributes of ideal gases are as follows,
Gas Laws
Gas laws describe the ways in which volume, temperature, pressure, and other conditions correlate when matter is in a gaseous state. The very first observations about the physical properties of gases was made by Robert Boyle in 1662. Later discoveries were made by Charles, Gay-Lussac, Avogadro, and others. Eventually, these observations were combined to produce the ideal gas law.
Gaseous State
It is well known that matter exists in different forms in our surroundings. There are five known states of matter, such as solids, gases, liquids, plasma and Bose-Einstein condensate. The last two are known newly in the recent days. Thus, the detailed forms of matter studied are solids, gases and liquids. The best example of a substance that is present in different states is water. It is solid ice, gaseous vapor or steam and liquid water depending on the temperature and pressure conditions. This is due to the difference in the intermolecular forces and distances. The occurrence of three different phases is due to the difference in the two major forces, the force which tends to tightly hold molecules i.e., forces of attraction and the disruptive forces obtained from the thermal energy of molecules.
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