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kinetics of a reaction.

kinetics of a reaction.

Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics
Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics
8th Edition
ISBN:9781259696527
Author:J.M. Smith Termodinamica en ingenieria quimica, Hendrick C Van Ness, Michael Abbott, Mark Swihart
Publisher:J.M. Smith Termodinamica en ingenieria quimica, Hendrick C Van Ness, Michael Abbott, Mark Swihart
Chapter1: Introduction
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1.1P
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### Examination of Kinetics and Equilibrium in Chemical Reactions **Question 48:** Describe under what conditions you need to consider the kinetics of a reaction. Do the same for the equilibrium of a reaction. **Answer:** Kinetics of a reaction are considered under conditions where the rate of the reaction is important. This includes scenarios such as: - **Industrial Processes:** Where the speed of production is crucial for efficiency and cost-effectiveness. - **Biological Systems:** Enzymatic reactions in the human body, where the speed of biochemical reactions affects physiological functions. - **Safety Considerations:** Situations where the rapidity of a chemical reaction can lead to hazardous outcomes, such as in exothermic reactions involving flammable materials. - **Experimental Settings:** Studying the effects of various factors like temperature, concentration, and catalysts on the rate of reaction. Equilibrium of a reaction is considered under conditions where the final state of the reaction mixture is of interest. This includes: - **Chemical Manufacturing:** Determining the yield of products under given conditions. - **Environmental Studies:** Understanding the distribution of substances between different phases (e.g., gases dissolving in liquids). - **Life Sciences:** Processes like protein binding and drug interactions where the proportion of bound and unbound substances is vital. - **Thermodynamic Analysis:** Evaluating how changes in pressure, temperature, and concentration affect the position of equilibrium. **Question 49:** What two factors can lead to a chemical reaction happening spontaneously? **Answer:** 1. **Decrease in Gibbs Free Energy (ΔG < 0):** A reaction is spontaneous if the change in Gibbs free energy is negative. This can be influenced by: - **Enthalpy (ΔH):** Reactions that release energy (exothermic, ΔH < 0) tend to be spontaneous. - **Entropy (ΔS):** Reactions that result in an increase in disorder (ΔS > 0) also favor spontaneity. 2. **Temperature:** The effect of temperature on spontaneity is captured in the Gibbs free energy equation: ΔG = ΔH - TΔS. An increase in temperature can make endothermic reactions (ΔH > 0) spontaneous if there is a significant increase in entropy (ΔS > 0). These fundamental principles help understand and predict the behavior and feasibility of chemical reactions under various conditions.
Transcribed Image Text:### Examination of Kinetics and Equilibrium in Chemical Reactions **Question 48:** Describe under what conditions you need to consider the kinetics of a reaction. Do the same for the equilibrium of a reaction. **Answer:** Kinetics of a reaction are considered under conditions where the rate of the reaction is important. This includes scenarios such as: - **Industrial Processes:** Where the speed of production is crucial for efficiency and cost-effectiveness. - **Biological Systems:** Enzymatic reactions in the human body, where the speed of biochemical reactions affects physiological functions. - **Safety Considerations:** Situations where the rapidity of a chemical reaction can lead to hazardous outcomes, such as in exothermic reactions involving flammable materials. - **Experimental Settings:** Studying the effects of various factors like temperature, concentration, and catalysts on the rate of reaction. Equilibrium of a reaction is considered under conditions where the final state of the reaction mixture is of interest. This includes: - **Chemical Manufacturing:** Determining the yield of products under given conditions. - **Environmental Studies:** Understanding the distribution of substances between different phases (e.g., gases dissolving in liquids). - **Life Sciences:** Processes like protein binding and drug interactions where the proportion of bound and unbound substances is vital. - **Thermodynamic Analysis:** Evaluating how changes in pressure, temperature, and concentration affect the position of equilibrium. **Question 49:** What two factors can lead to a chemical reaction happening spontaneously? **Answer:** 1. **Decrease in Gibbs Free Energy (ΔG < 0):** A reaction is spontaneous if the change in Gibbs free energy is negative. This can be influenced by: - **Enthalpy (ΔH):** Reactions that release energy (exothermic, ΔH < 0) tend to be spontaneous. - **Entropy (ΔS):** Reactions that result in an increase in disorder (ΔS > 0) also favor spontaneity. 2. **Temperature:** The effect of temperature on spontaneity is captured in the Gibbs free energy equation: ΔG = ΔH - TΔS. An increase in temperature can make endothermic reactions (ΔH > 0) spontaneous if there is a significant increase in entropy (ΔS > 0). These fundamental principles help understand and predict the behavior and feasibility of chemical reactions under various conditions.
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