K (s) + Br₂ Br₂ (8) K (s) + Li (s) ca (s) F2 (g) → N₂ (8) + N₂ + Cl₂ (8) Na + 02 (9) (s) Al (s) + Cl₂ (g) → potassium bromide potassium fluoride lithium nitride calcium chloride sodium oxide aluminum chloride
Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
![Salt Formation & Formulas
K(s) + Br₂ (8)
K (s)
Li (s)
F2 (g)
+ F₂
+ N₂ (8)
Ca + Cl₂ (8)
(s)
Na 02 (8)
(s)
+
Al (s) + Cl₂ (g) →
potassium bromide
potassium fluoride
lithium nitride
calcium chloride
sodium oxide
aluminum chloride
2
3
4
5
6
7
ΤΑ
Using what you know about predicting ion charge, ionic
bonding, and the criss-cross technique, write neutral salt
product formulas for these synthesis equations.
2A
2
A
ú
Be
6.94 90122
12
Na
Mg
22990 24.305
K C 34
39.00 40.078 44.956
37
87
Fr
G B₁
13291 137.33
charge
3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 9B 10B IIB 12B
3
10
11 12
H
(223) (236)
36 53-71 72
73
Hr Ta
74
178.49 180.95 183.84
88 99-103 104 105
P₂
Ra
Rf Db
Lanthanide
series
#Actinide
series
group A num
11 V
47367 50.942 51.996 54.938
43
& Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd CSSE
85.468 87.62 88.906 91.224 92.906 95.95
(9)
75
191.07 102.91 106.42 10787 11241 114.82 118.71 121.76 127 60
17 78
10 81
14
Os Ir P A H₂
186.21 190.23 192.22 195.08 196.97 20039 204.38
108 109 110 III 112 113
Bh Hs Mt Ds
Ca Nh
(270)
Pb N Pa At
2072 208.98 (209)
115
FI Me
107
Rg
(277) (276) (281)
(265)
number charge = group A number-8
24
Cr Me Fe Co N
So
Sg
(271)
tt
60
59
La
Ce Pr Nd
13891 140.12 1091 144.34
89
92
Ac Th
(227) 23204
Za
55.845 58.933 58.693 63.546 65.38
61
Pm
1-2
280
62
Sm Ea Gd ть
150.36 151.96 157.25 158.93
94
16
97
Pa U Np Pu Am Cm
(244) (243)
(247)
91
93
(237)
231.04 238.03
3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
13 14 15 16 17
A ¿ N
10.81 12011
19
N 0
14.007 15.999 1998 20.180
16
S C Ar
30.9743206 35.45 39.948
34
SI
26.982 28.085
31 32
"
33
Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
69.723 72.630 74.922 78.97 79.904 83.798
Dy
162.50
Ho
164 93
Er
167 26
Tm
168 93
8A
18
99
100 101
cr Ex Fm Md
(257) (258)
(251)
(252)
He
40006
Rn
(210) (222)
116 117
Lv
Ts
20
Xe
126.00 131.29
Yb
173.05
102
Na
118
Og
(294)
Lat
174.97
La
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