Jones Transportation Average, the oldest stock index still in use, is a stock market index of the transportation sector. Today, the Dow is made up of 30 companies that are traded on the New York Stock Exchange and the Nasdaq Stock Market from nine different sectors: industrials, financials, consumer services, technology, health care, consumer goods, energy, basic materials, and telecommunications. These companies, which are some of the most actively traded stocks, are selected because they are considered to be market leaders in their sectors. The companies comprising the Dow change from time to time. For example, 3M, a multinational conglomerate, was added to the Dow Jones Industrial Average in 1976 while Amgen, a biotechnology company, was added in 2020. Interestingly, none of the companies on the index today were part of the original lineup in 1896. General Electric, which was removed from the Dow in 2018, was the longest-tenured Dow stock. Because the Dow is used to measure the country's financial well-being, the index must change as needed to reflect the market. Case in point, when Apple enacted a four-for-one stock split, it reduced the Dow's exposure to the information technology sector. As a result, Salesforce, a cloud-based software company, replaced ExxonMobil, a gas company, which had been a member of the Dow for nearly 100 years. Additionally, if a particular stock is underperforming compared to the overall economy, it could be removed from the index. As the market changes, so does the Dow Jones Industrial Average. The Dow Jones Industrial Average is now operated by S&P Dow Jones Indices, a joint venture between S&P Global and the CME Group. Some critics believe the Dow Jones Industrial Average's importance has been blown out of proportion, contributing to overreactive bubbles and plunges, while many stock market experts see it as a key indicator of health for the broader economy. In the end, it's important to remember that the Dow is just one of many tools to track the economy.¹ Critical Thinking Questions 1. What is the Dow Jones Industrial Average? 2. Why was Salesforce added to the Dow Jones Industrial Average? 3. Why does the group of companies that make up the Dow Jones Industrial Average change?