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Chemistry
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Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
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Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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4) Identify the overall reaction type in the reactions in #2.
Transcribed Image Text:4) Identify the overall reaction type in the reactions in #2.
### Diagram Explanation for Educational Purposes

This image illustrates three different chemical reaction mechanisms, labeled a), b), and c).

#### a) Reaction Mechanism:

1. **Start**: The reaction begins with a brominated acetone molecule and a water molecule.
2. **Step 1**: The lone pair of electrons on the oxygen atom in the water molecule attacks the carbon atom in the carbonyl group, displacing the bromide ion.
3. **Intermediate 1**: A tetrahedral intermediate forms with a positively charged oxygen.
4. **Step 2**: The oxygen atom is protonated, resulting in a diol with a positive charge on one oxygen.
5. **Step 3**: Cleavage of the C-Br bond occurs, releasing a bromide ion.
6. **Product**: The final product is acetone and hydrobromic acid (HBr).

#### b) Reaction Mechanism:

1. **Start**: An alkene is introduced to a proton source (H+).
2. **Step 1**: The π bond of the alkene attacks the proton, forming a carbocation at the more stable position.
3. **Step 2**: A bromide ion attacks the carbocation, leading to the formation of a bromoalkane.
4. **Product**: The final product is a saturated bromoalkane.

#### c) Reaction Mechanism:

1. **Start**: A bromonitrobenzene is reacted with methoxide anion.
2. **Step 1**: The methoxide ion attacks the carbon bearing the bromine through a nucleophilic aromatic substitution.
3. **Intermediate**: An intermediate anion forms with the displacement of the bromine.
4. **Step 2**: Rearrangement and stabilization of the anion occur.
5. **Product**: The final product is a nitrophenol with a methoxy group.

Each mechanism illustrates important concepts in organic chemistry, including nucleophilic substitution reactions and the stability of intermediates.
Transcribed Image Text:### Diagram Explanation for Educational Purposes This image illustrates three different chemical reaction mechanisms, labeled a), b), and c). #### a) Reaction Mechanism: 1. **Start**: The reaction begins with a brominated acetone molecule and a water molecule. 2. **Step 1**: The lone pair of electrons on the oxygen atom in the water molecule attacks the carbon atom in the carbonyl group, displacing the bromide ion. 3. **Intermediate 1**: A tetrahedral intermediate forms with a positively charged oxygen. 4. **Step 2**: The oxygen atom is protonated, resulting in a diol with a positive charge on one oxygen. 5. **Step 3**: Cleavage of the C-Br bond occurs, releasing a bromide ion. 6. **Product**: The final product is acetone and hydrobromic acid (HBr). #### b) Reaction Mechanism: 1. **Start**: An alkene is introduced to a proton source (H+). 2. **Step 1**: The π bond of the alkene attacks the proton, forming a carbocation at the more stable position. 3. **Step 2**: A bromide ion attacks the carbocation, leading to the formation of a bromoalkane. 4. **Product**: The final product is a saturated bromoalkane. #### c) Reaction Mechanism: 1. **Start**: A bromonitrobenzene is reacted with methoxide anion. 2. **Step 1**: The methoxide ion attacks the carbon bearing the bromine through a nucleophilic aromatic substitution. 3. **Intermediate**: An intermediate anion forms with the displacement of the bromine. 4. **Step 2**: Rearrangement and stabilization of the anion occur. 5. **Product**: The final product is a nitrophenol with a methoxy group. Each mechanism illustrates important concepts in organic chemistry, including nucleophilic substitution reactions and the stability of intermediates.
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