Iron (Fe) is among the most abundant elements in the earth's crust. It is a constituent in structural materials where strength/weight is a design Figure of Merit. Its grain orientation is highly influenced by the alloying elements that affect the strength of iron and its alloys (steels). For example, steel (Fe-C) is one of the strongest alloys due to the advantageous position of carbon as an interstitial solid in the Fe atoms matrix. Carbon (C) slightly distorted and provided tension to the Iron (Fe) matrices, which later increased its toughness and strength. (i) Give two examples of non-ferrous metals, which each have substitutional and interstitial solid solutions, respectively. Explain the process of how this metal is collected from the raw ores. (ii) Briefly describe the application of both metals alloys and why these alloys are suitable for that applications.

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