States of Matter
The substance that constitutes everything in the universe is known as matter. Matter comprises atoms which in turn are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Different atoms combine together to give rise to molecules that act as a foundation for all kinds of substances. There are five states of matter based on their energies of attraction, namely solid, liquid, gases, plasma, and BEC (Bose-Einstein condensates).
Chemical Reactions and Equations
When a chemical species is transformed into another chemical species it is said to have undergone a chemical reaction. It consists of breaking existing bonds and forming new bonds by changing the position of electrons. These reactions are best explained using a chemical equation.
![Consider the reaction: 2H₂(g) + O₂(g) →+2H₂O(1)
Average Bond Enthalples (kJ/mol)
C-H 413 N-H 391 0-H 463 F-F 155
C-C 348 N-N 163 0-0 146
C C 614 N-0 201 0-0 495 CI-F 253
C-N 293 N-F 272 O-F 190 C1-C1 242
C-O 358 N-CI 200 0-CI 203 Br-F 237
C-O 799 N-Br 243 0-1 234 Br-Cl 218
C-F 485 H-H 436
C-CI 328 H-F 567
C-Br 276 H-CI 431
C-I 240 H Br 366
Br-Br 193
H-I 299
I-CI 208
1-Br 175
1-I 151
Part A
Use the bond enthalpies in the table to estimate AH for this reaction, ignoring the fact that w
is in the liquid state.
Express your answer in kilojoules to 3 significant figures.
15] ΑΣΦ
Review Constants I Periodic Table
11
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