### Indicate the Hybridization of Specified AtomsBe sure to consider any lone pairs you added in the first part.#### Molecular Structure DiagramThe molecule shown in the diagram consists of several atoms with various hybridization states. The atoms of interest are labeled A, B, and C. The structure includes single, double bonds, lone pairs, and various functional groups such as carbonyls (C=O) and amines (N).#### Questions1. **What is the hybridization of atom A?** - Options: - sp³d - sp³d² - sp - sp³ - sp² - Selected answer: Incorrect2. **What is the hybridization of atom B?** - Options: - sp³ - sp³d² - sp - sp² - sp³d - Selected answer: Incorrect 3. **What is the hybridization of atom C?** - Options: - sp³d² - sp² - sp³d - sp³ - sp - Selected answer: Incorrect#### Explanation of HybridizationThe hybridization of an atom can be determined by examining the number of electron pairs (bonding and lone pairs) around it:- **sp³ Hybridization**: This occurs when an atom has four electron pairs around it, forming a tetrahedral shape (e.g., methane, CH₄).- **sp² Hybridization**: This occurs when an atom has three electron pairs around it, forming a trigonal planar shape (e.g., ethene, C₂H₄).- **sp Hybridization**: This occurs when an atom has two electron pairs around it, forming a linear shape (e.g., acetylene, C₂H₂).#### ConclusionTo accurately determine the hybridization state of each atom (A, B, and C), it's essential to consider the overall geometry and electron distribution within the molecular structure. Re-evaluate and ensure an accurate counting of lone pairs and bonding pairs to ascertain the correct hybridization. ### Caffeine: The Active IngredientCaffeine is the active ingredient in coffee, tea, and some carbonated beverages. Below is the structural diagram of caffeine with lone pairs added as needed.![Caffeine Structure](image-url)**Explanation of Caffeine Structure:**1. **Central Ring Structure:** - The core structure is a fused ring system containing carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and oxygen (O) atoms. - The ring highlighted has alternating single and double bonds, forming a complex planar structure.2. **Methyl Groups (CH₃):** - Three methyl groups (H₃C) are attached to the nitrogen atoms at different positions. 3. **Double Bonds:** - Double bonds are present between some carbon and nitrogen atoms, contributing to the rigidity and planarity of the structure. - Two oxygen atoms are double-bonded to carbon atoms at specific positions.4. **Lone Pairs:** - Lone pairs are illustrated on the nitrogen and oxygen atoms, indicating areas with lone electron pairs typically involved in hydrogen bonding or other interactions.The proper addition of lone pairs ensures complete representation of the electron domain around the atoms in the caffeine molecule. Understanding this structure aids in comprehending caffeine’s chemical properties and biological activity.

Steric number (n) = no of sigma bond + no of lone pairIf n = 2 then hybridization is spIf n = 3 then…

Indicate the hybridization of the specified atoms. Be sure to consider any lone pairs you added in the first part. CH3 H3C. 0 0 0 0 О sp³ sp³ d² sp sp² sp³ d Incorrect H What is hybridization atom A H B -H N -H What is the hybridization of atom A? OO sp³ d sp³ d² sp sp³ sp² Incorrect What is the hybridization sp³ d² sp sp³ d sp Incorrect atom C?

Indicate the hybridization of the specified atoms. Be sure to consider any lone pairs you added in the first part. CH3 H3C. 0 0 0 0 О sp³ sp³ d² sp sp² sp³ d Incorrect H What is hybridization atom A H B -H N -H What is the hybridization of atom A? OO sp³ d sp³ d² sp sp³ sp² Incorrect What is the hybridization sp³ d² sp sp³ d sp Incorrect atom C?

Chemistry

10th Edition

ISBN:9781305957404

Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Chapter1: Chemical Foundations

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...

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Concept explainers

Formal Charges

Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.

Polarity Of Water

In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.

Valence Bond Theory Vbt

Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.

Question

### Indicate the Hybridization of Specified Atoms

Be sure to consider any lone pairs you added in the first part.

#### Molecular Structure Diagram

The molecule shown in the diagram consists of several atoms with various hybridization states. The atoms of interest are labeled A, B, and C. The structure includes single, double bonds, lone pairs, and various functional groups such as carbonyls (C=O) and amines (N).

#### Questions

1. **What is the hybridization of atom A?**
- Options:
- sp³d
- sp³d²
- sp
- sp³
- sp²
- Selected answer: Incorrect

2. **What is the hybridization of atom B?**
- Options:
- sp³
- sp³d²
- sp
- sp²
- sp³d
- Selected answer: Incorrect

3. **What is the hybridization of atom C?**
- Options:
- sp³d²
- sp²
- sp³d
- sp³
- sp
- Selected answer: Incorrect

#### Explanation of Hybridization

The hybridization of an atom can be determined by examining the number of electron pairs (bonding and lone pairs) around it:

- **sp³ Hybridization**: This occurs when an atom has four electron pairs around it, forming a tetrahedral shape (e.g., methane, CH₄).
- **sp² Hybridization**: This occurs when an atom has three electron pairs around it, forming a trigonal planar shape (e.g., ethene, C₂H₄).
- **sp Hybridization**: This occurs when an atom has two electron pairs around it, forming a linear shape (e.g., acetylene, C₂H₂).

#### Conclusion

To accurately determine the hybridization state of each atom (A, B, and C), it's essential to consider the overall geometry and electron distribution within the molecular structure. Re-evaluate and ensure an accurate counting of lone pairs and bonding pairs to ascertain the correct hybridization.

### Caffeine: The Active Ingredient

Caffeine is the active ingredient in coffee, tea, and some carbonated beverages. Below is the structural diagram of caffeine with lone pairs added as needed.

![Caffeine Structure](image-url)

**Explanation of Caffeine Structure:**

1. **Central Ring Structure:**
- The core structure is a fused ring system containing carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and oxygen (O) atoms.
- The ring highlighted has alternating single and double bonds, forming a complex planar structure.

2. **Methyl Groups (CH₃):**
- Three methyl groups (H₃C) are attached to the nitrogen atoms at different positions.

3. **Double Bonds:**
- Double bonds are present between some carbon and nitrogen atoms, contributing to the rigidity and planarity of the structure.
- Two oxygen atoms are double-bonded to carbon atoms at specific positions.

4. **Lone Pairs:**
- Lone pairs are illustrated on the nitrogen and oxygen atoms, indicating areas with lone electron pairs typically involved in hydrogen bonding or other interactions.

The proper addition of lone pairs ensures complete representation of the electron domain around the atoms in the caffeine molecule. Understanding this structure aids in comprehending caffeine’s chemical properties and biological activity.

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