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#include using namespace std; int x = 10; int main () int x = 20; %3D cout << "x is " << x << endl; { int x = 42; %3D cout << "x is " << x << endl; cout << "x is " << ::x << end%3; int x = 30; cout << "x is " << x << endl; cout << "x is " << ::x << endl; cout << "x is " << x << endl;

#include using namespace std; int x = 10; int main () int x = 20; %3D cout << "x is " << x << endl; { int x = 42; %3D cout << "x is " << x << endl; cout << "x is " << ::x << end%3; int x = 30; cout << "x is " << x << endl; cout << "x is " << ::x << endl; cout << "x is " << x << endl;

Database System Concepts
Database System Concepts
7th Edition
ISBN:9780078022159
Author:Abraham Silberschatz Professor, Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan
Publisher:Abraham Silberschatz Professor, Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan
Chapter1: Introduction
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1PE
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In C++
**C++ Scope and Storage Class Example** The following C++ program demonstrates the concepts of storage class and scope: ```cpp #include <iostream> using namespace std; int x = 10; int main() { int x = 20; cout << "x is " << x << endl; { int x = 42; cout << "x is " << x << endl; cout << "x is " << ::x << endl; } { int x = 30; cout << "x is " << x << endl; cout << "x is " << ::x << endl; } cout << "x is " << x << endl; } ``` **Explanation:** 1. **Global Scope:** - `int x = 10;` is declared outside all functions, making it a global variable accessible throughout the entire program using the scope resolution operator `::`. 2. **Main Function Scope:** - Within `main()`, `int x = 20;` declares a local variable `x` that shadows the global variable `x`. 3. **Block Scopes:** - The first inner block declares `int x = 42;`. Here, `cout << "x is " << x << endl;` prints the local `x` (42), while `cout << "x is " << ::x << endl;` prints the global `x` (10). - The second block similarly declares `int x = 30;`. The first print statement outputs 30, while the second outputs the global `x` (10). 4. **End of Main Function:** - Finally, `cout << "x is " << x << endl;` outputs the `x` from the main function's scope (20). Understanding how scope works in C++ is crucial for effectively utilizing variables and avoiding potential naming conflicts.
Transcribed Image Text:**C++ Scope and Storage Class Example** The following C++ program demonstrates the concepts of storage class and scope: ```cpp #include <iostream> using namespace std; int x = 10; int main() { int x = 20; cout << "x is " << x << endl; { int x = 42; cout << "x is " << x << endl; cout << "x is " << ::x << endl; } { int x = 30; cout << "x is " << x << endl; cout << "x is " << ::x << endl; } cout << "x is " << x << endl; } ``` **Explanation:** 1. **Global Scope:** - `int x = 10;` is declared outside all functions, making it a global variable accessible throughout the entire program using the scope resolution operator `::`. 2. **Main Function Scope:** - Within `main()`, `int x = 20;` declares a local variable `x` that shadows the global variable `x`. 3. **Block Scopes:** - The first inner block declares `int x = 42;`. Here, `cout << "x is " << x << endl;` prints the local `x` (42), while `cout << "x is " << ::x << endl;` prints the global `x` (10). - The second block similarly declares `int x = 30;`. The first print statement outputs 30, while the second outputs the global `x` (10). 4. **End of Main Function:** - Finally, `cout << "x is " << x << endl;` outputs the `x` from the main function's scope (20). Understanding how scope works in C++ is crucial for effectively utilizing variables and avoiding potential naming conflicts.
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