Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways
Metabolic pathways allude to the arrangement of chemical catalyzed reactions that lead to the transformation of a substance into the final product. Metabolic pathways incorporate a progression of reaction where the substrate is changed continuously and the transitional metabolites are persistently recovered.
Glucogenesis
Glucogenesis is a metabolic pathway in which glucose is produced from carbon substrates that are not carbohydrates. This process is observed in plants, animals, fungi, bacteria and other micro organisms. The general definition for glucogenesis or gluconeogenesis is as follows,
In what form is the energy from the breakdown of citrate in steps 3, 4, and 8 of the citric acid cycle?
In step 3 of the citric acid cycle, isocitrate is oxidatively decarboxylated to α-keto glutarate in the presence of α-keto dehydrogenase enzyme releasing a molecule of CO2. During this process NAD+ is reduced to form NADH. Thus energy is released in the form of NADH in this reaction.
In step 4 of the citric acid cycle, α-keto glutarate is oxidatively decarboxylated to Succinyl Co-A and CO2. In this process NAD+ is reduced to form NADH. Thus energy is released in the form of NADH in this process.
In step 8 of the citric acid cycle, L-Malate is oxidised into oxaloacetate in the presence of malate dehydrogenase enzyme. This enzyme requires NAD+. Hence energy is released when NAD+ is converted to NADH in this process.
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