Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
Related questions
Question
No Plagirism Please!
In three to five sentences, predict the bonding activity between phosphorous and chlorine. Why do you think they would bond that way?
![2
3
5
7
1.008
1312.0
6.94
520.222
H
Hydrogen
22.990
495.845
418.81
39.098
Na
Sodium
85.468
Li
Lithium
403.032
1
IA
K
Potassium
392.96
132.91
(223)
375.705
Rb
Rubidium
1
3
9.0122
0.98
JE
[He] 2s 899.504
24.305
220
Is
[Ne] 3s
11
0.93
[Ar] 4s
Fr
Francium
19
0.82
15
0.82
[Kr] 5s
55
0.79
[Xe] 6s
37 87.62
87
0.7
737.75
[Rn] 7s
Beryllium
589.83
40.078
Be
Mg
Magnesium
ΠΙΑ
549.47
2
137.33
Cs Ba
Caesium
Barium
502.849
(226)
509.29
Ca
Calcium
[He]2s
Sr
Strontium
[Ne] 3s
20
1.00
4
157
12
1.31
[Ar] 4s
38
2.20
[Kr] 5s
56
0.89
Ra
Radium
[Xe] 6s
88
0.9
[Rn] 7s
44.956
3
IIIB
633.088
Sc
Scandium
88.906
599.878
lonisation energies (kJ mol™¹)
Y
Yttrium
21
136
[Ar]3d 4s
Common oxidation states
39
122
[Kr] 4d 5s
57-71
89-103
47.867
Ti
Titanium
IVB
Zr
Zirconium
640.074
178.49
658.519
(267)
658.813 [Ar]3d²4s
91.224 40
1.33
Atomic mass
Hf
Hafnium
138.91
(227)
3
Alkali metals.
[Kr] 4d 5s
22
1.54
Alkaline earth metals
Transition metals
72
13
[Xe] 4f 5d 6s
Rf
Rutherfordiu
[Rn]5f6d7s
104
57
1.10
La
Lanthanum
538.089 [Xe] 5d 6s
Ac
Actinium.
498.83 [Rn] 6d 7s
50.942
652.13
5
VB
51.996
V Cr
Vanadium
Chromium
650.908 [Ar]3d 4s
92.906
180.95
3
140.12
999.589
Db
Dubnium
89 232.04
1.1
Ta
Tantalum
728.423 [Xe] 4f 5d 6s
(268)
32.06
6
4
2
608.504
23
163
41
1.6
[Kr] 4d 5s
Th
Thorium
73
1.5
105
[Rn] Sf 6d 7s
Ce
Cerium
534.403 [Xe] 4f 5d 6s
58
1.12
90
1.3
Nb Mo Tc
Niobium
Molybdenum
Technetium
[Rn] 6d 7s
VIB
684316
652.869 [Ar]3d³4s
95.95
S
Sulfur
[Ne] 3s 3p
183.84
24
1,66
140.91
42
1.46
231.04
[Kr] 4d' 5s
W
Tungsten
758.764 [Xe] 4f" 5d 6s
(269)
106
74
1.5
Sq
Seaborgium
[Rn] 5f"6d" 7s
59
1.13
Pr
Praseodymium
528.064 [Xe] 4f¹6s
91
1.5
Post-transition metals
Lanthanoids
Actinoids
54.938 25
1.55
717274
Mn
Manganese
[Ar]3d 4s
(98)
16
2.58
7
VIIB
70241
186.21
755.82
(270)
Re
Rhenium
144.24
[Kr] 4d 5s
43
2.10
Bh
Bohrium
[Xe]4f5d 6s
75
141
107
[Rn]5f 6d 7s
Pa U
Protactinium
568.3 [Rn] 5f 6d 7s
60
1.14
238.03 92
1.7
Uranium
597.64 [Rn] Sf '6d7s
Name
55.845
762.466
710.18
VIIIB
101.07
190.23
814.165
Chemical symbol
(277)
Atomic number
Electronegativity
Ru
Ruthenium
(145)
Os
Osmium
Electron configuration
$38.581
(237)
58.933
Fe Со Ni
Cobalt
Nickel
Iron
[Ar]3d 4s
604.548
26
44
22
[Kr] 4d 5s
Hs
Hassium
1.83
76
136
[Xe] 4f 5d 6s
[Rn] Sf"6d 7s
Np
Neptunium
[Xe] 4F 6s
Metalloids
93
Nonmetals
13
Noble gases
[Rn) 5f 6d 7s
VIIIB
865.186
108 278
760.402
102.91
719.675
192.22
Rh
Rhodium
[Kr] 4d 5s
61
Nd Pm Sm
Neodymium
Promethium
Samarium
533.082 [Xe] 4f 6s
Ir
Iridium
150.36
27
1.88
[Ar]3d 4s
544.534
(244)
45
2.28
581,421
77
1.32
Mt
Meitnerium.
[Xe] 4f"5d 6s
[Rn] Sf"6d'7s
62
1.17
[Xe] 4f 6s
10
VIIIB
109 (281)
58.693 28
191
106.42
[Rn) Sf 7s
804389
Pd
Palladium
195.08.
Li Solid
Br Liquid
H Gas
Rf Unknown
151.96
[Ar]3d 4s
547.109
94 (243)
1.3
46
220
[kr] 4d
Eu
Europium
576.384
78
Ds
Darmstadtiu
[Rn] Sf"6d7s
∞2
110
Pu Am
Plutonium
Americium
22
63
[Xe] 4f 6s
95
Unknown
[Rn] Sf 7s
63.546
745.482
65.38
Cu Zn
Copper
Zinc
107.87
730.995
Ag
Silver
196.97
11
IB
Pt Au Hg
Platinum
Gold
Mercury
864.393 [Xe] 4f*"5d³6s
890.128 [Xe] 4f 5d 6s
1007.066 [Xe] 4f"5d 6s
(282)
(285)
112
157.25
29
1.90
[Ar]3d" 4s
47
1.93
578.082
[Kr] 4d 5s
Rg
Roentgenium
[Rn]5f6d"7s
111
64
Gd
Gadolinium
593.366 [Xe]4f 5d '6s
(247)
96
Cm
Curium
906.402
120
112.41
79 200.59 80
24
1.9
[Rn] 5f 6d 7s
12
IIB
Cadmium
867,772 [Kr]
30
1.65
[Ar]3d 4s
158.93
Cn
Copernicium
[Rn] 5f6d7s
598.007
65
Tb
Terbium
565.771 Def4f 6s
(247)
97
10.81
3
Bk
Berkelium
[Rn] Sf 7s
800.637
48 114.82
1.69
26.982
Cd In
Indium
577.539
13
ΠΙΑ
B
Boron
69.723
204.38
5
2.04
[He] 2s 2p
162.50
573 017
(251)
13
161
606.092
[Ne] 3s 3p
31
TI
Thallium
589.351 [Xe] 4f 5d 6s 6p
(286)
1.78
49 118.71
Jr
70
81 207.2
Nh
Nihonium
[Rn] 5f6d" 75 7p
1.8
113
[Ne] 3s 3p
34
2.55
Ga Ge As Se²
Gallium
Germanium
Arsenic
Selenium
578.845 [Ar]3d 4s 4p
940.963 [Ar]3d 4s 4p
52
12.011
AI Si P S CI
Aluminium
Sulfur
Chlorine
Phosphorus
[Ne] 3s 3p
Silicon
[Ne] 3s 3p
32 74.922
201
66
122
14
IVA
28.085
4
Carbon
1086.454 [He] 2s 2p
Xe 45 6s
786.518
72.630
2
6
2.55
164.93
Dy Ho
Dysprosium
Pb
762.179 [Ar]3d"45'4p 944.456
50 121.76
1.96
708.581 [kr] 4d 5s Sp
Lead
619.44
30.974
14
1.90
715.596 [Xe] 4f"5d 6s 6p
(289)
82
1.8
114
FI
Flerovium
[Rn] 5f6d 7s 7p
Holmium
580.987 [Xe] 41 "6s
98 (252)
Sn Sb
Tin
Antimony
830.583 (Kr) 4d 5s 5p
208.98
83
1.9
67
223
Cf Es
Einsteinium
Californium
[Rn] 5d 7s
14.007
1402.328
18.998
N 0 F
Fluorine
Nitrogen
[He] 2s 2p
15
Oxygen
1313.942 [Hel 25'2p 1681045
32.06
16 35.45
2.19
258
[Rn] 5d 7s
15
VA
1011812
7 15.999
33
3.04
167.26
6272
589.304
33
2.18
[Ar]3d 4s 4p
51
2.05
Mc
Moscovium
[Rn] Sf" 6d 75 7p
16
VIA
99 (257) 100
Fm
Fermium
[Rn] 5d7s
68
124
Er
Erbium
Mel of 6s
999.589
Bi Po
Bismuth
Polonium
811.828 [Xe] 41 5d 6s 6p
702944 [Xe] 4f" Sd 6s 6p
(290)
115
(293)
78.971
127.60
8
3.44
Te
Tellurium,
859.294 [kr] 4d 55 5p
(209)
84
2.0
634.87
Lv
Livermorium
[Rn] Sf" 6d 7s 7p
168.93 69
125
Tm
Thulium
596.695 [Xe] 4f 6s
(258) 101
Md
Mendelevium
17
VIIA
[Rn] 5d7s
1251.186
116 (294)
9
[Hel 2s 2p
79.904 35
2.96
3.98
173.05
[Ne] 3s 3p
I
lodine
1008.393 [Kr) 4d 5s' Sp
(210)
603.435
Ytterbium
64163
At
Astatine
[Xe]4f5d 6s 6p
117
53
2.66
Ts
Tennessine
[Rn] 5f" 6d 75 7p
17 39.948
3.16
Br Kr
Bromine
Krypton
1139.859 [Ar]3d 4s 4p
1350.757 [Ar]3d 4s 4p
126.90
85
2.2
70
18
VIIIA
[Xe] 4f"6s
4.0026
He
Helium
2372 322
[Rn] 5d7s
20.180
Ne
Neon
2080.662 [He] 2s 2p
18
Ar
Argon
1520.571 [Ne] 3s 3p
83.798 36
2
10
131.29
4
Xe
Xenon
1170.352 (Kr) 4d 5s 5p
(222)
86
54
2.60
Rn
Radon
1037.073 [Xe] 4f 5d 6s 6p
(294)
174.97
Og
Oganesson
[Rn] 5f" 6d 7s 7p
118
472.8
No
No Lr
Nobelium
Lawrencium
Lu
Lutetium
$23.516 [Xe] 41 5d 6s
(259) 102 (266) 103
3
71
1.0
[Rn] Sf 7s 7p](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F1e6a11d1-9a12-40ed-8c19-f60a4f3f6121%2F6181b290-d5e6-41f7-ad77-cc7bb3e91521%2Fryvqqck_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:2
3
5
7
1.008
1312.0
6.94
520.222
H
Hydrogen
22.990
495.845
418.81
39.098
Na
Sodium
85.468
Li
Lithium
403.032
1
IA
K
Potassium
392.96
132.91
(223)
375.705
Rb
Rubidium
1
3
9.0122
0.98
JE
[He] 2s 899.504
24.305
220
Is
[Ne] 3s
11
0.93
[Ar] 4s
Fr
Francium
19
0.82
15
0.82
[Kr] 5s
55
0.79
[Xe] 6s
37 87.62
87
0.7
737.75
[Rn] 7s
Beryllium
589.83
40.078
Be
Mg
Magnesium
ΠΙΑ
549.47
2
137.33
Cs Ba
Caesium
Barium
502.849
(226)
509.29
Ca
Calcium
[He]2s
Sr
Strontium
[Ne] 3s
20
1.00
4
157
12
1.31
[Ar] 4s
38
2.20
[Kr] 5s
56
0.89
Ra
Radium
[Xe] 6s
88
0.9
[Rn] 7s
44.956
3
IIIB
633.088
Sc
Scandium
88.906
599.878
lonisation energies (kJ mol™¹)
Y
Yttrium
21
136
[Ar]3d 4s
Common oxidation states
39
122
[Kr] 4d 5s
57-71
89-103
47.867
Ti
Titanium
IVB
Zr
Zirconium
640.074
178.49
658.519
(267)
658.813 [Ar]3d²4s
91.224 40
1.33
Atomic mass
Hf
Hafnium
138.91
(227)
3
Alkali metals.
[Kr] 4d 5s
22
1.54
Alkaline earth metals
Transition metals
72
13
[Xe] 4f 5d 6s
Rf
Rutherfordiu
[Rn]5f6d7s
104
57
1.10
La
Lanthanum
538.089 [Xe] 5d 6s
Ac
Actinium.
498.83 [Rn] 6d 7s
50.942
652.13
5
VB
51.996
V Cr
Vanadium
Chromium
650.908 [Ar]3d 4s
92.906
180.95
3
140.12
999.589
Db
Dubnium
89 232.04
1.1
Ta
Tantalum
728.423 [Xe] 4f 5d 6s
(268)
32.06
6
4
2
608.504
23
163
41
1.6
[Kr] 4d 5s
Th
Thorium
73
1.5
105
[Rn] Sf 6d 7s
Ce
Cerium
534.403 [Xe] 4f 5d 6s
58
1.12
90
1.3
Nb Mo Tc
Niobium
Molybdenum
Technetium
[Rn] 6d 7s
VIB
684316
652.869 [Ar]3d³4s
95.95
S
Sulfur
[Ne] 3s 3p
183.84
24
1,66
140.91
42
1.46
231.04
[Kr] 4d' 5s
W
Tungsten
758.764 [Xe] 4f" 5d 6s
(269)
106
74
1.5
Sq
Seaborgium
[Rn] 5f"6d" 7s
59
1.13
Pr
Praseodymium
528.064 [Xe] 4f¹6s
91
1.5
Post-transition metals
Lanthanoids
Actinoids
54.938 25
1.55
717274
Mn
Manganese
[Ar]3d 4s
(98)
16
2.58
7
VIIB
70241
186.21
755.82
(270)
Re
Rhenium
144.24
[Kr] 4d 5s
43
2.10
Bh
Bohrium
[Xe]4f5d 6s
75
141
107
[Rn]5f 6d 7s
Pa U
Protactinium
568.3 [Rn] 5f 6d 7s
60
1.14
238.03 92
1.7
Uranium
597.64 [Rn] Sf '6d7s
Name
55.845
762.466
710.18
VIIIB
101.07
190.23
814.165
Chemical symbol
(277)
Atomic number
Electronegativity
Ru
Ruthenium
(145)
Os
Osmium
Electron configuration
$38.581
(237)
58.933
Fe Со Ni
Cobalt
Nickel
Iron
[Ar]3d 4s
604.548
26
44
22
[Kr] 4d 5s
Hs
Hassium
1.83
76
136
[Xe] 4f 5d 6s
[Rn] Sf"6d 7s
Np
Neptunium
[Xe] 4F 6s
Metalloids
93
Nonmetals
13
Noble gases
[Rn) 5f 6d 7s
VIIIB
865.186
108 278
760.402
102.91
719.675
192.22
Rh
Rhodium
[Kr] 4d 5s
61
Nd Pm Sm
Neodymium
Promethium
Samarium
533.082 [Xe] 4f 6s
Ir
Iridium
150.36
27
1.88
[Ar]3d 4s
544.534
(244)
45
2.28
581,421
77
1.32
Mt
Meitnerium.
[Xe] 4f"5d 6s
[Rn] Sf"6d'7s
62
1.17
[Xe] 4f 6s
10
VIIIB
109 (281)
58.693 28
191
106.42
[Rn) Sf 7s
804389
Pd
Palladium
195.08.
Li Solid
Br Liquid
H Gas
Rf Unknown
151.96
[Ar]3d 4s
547.109
94 (243)
1.3
46
220
[kr] 4d
Eu
Europium
576.384
78
Ds
Darmstadtiu
[Rn] Sf"6d7s
∞2
110
Pu Am
Plutonium
Americium
22
63
[Xe] 4f 6s
95
Unknown
[Rn] Sf 7s
63.546
745.482
65.38
Cu Zn
Copper
Zinc
107.87
730.995
Ag
Silver
196.97
11
IB
Pt Au Hg
Platinum
Gold
Mercury
864.393 [Xe] 4f*"5d³6s
890.128 [Xe] 4f 5d 6s
1007.066 [Xe] 4f"5d 6s
(282)
(285)
112
157.25
29
1.90
[Ar]3d" 4s
47
1.93
578.082
[Kr] 4d 5s
Rg
Roentgenium
[Rn]5f6d"7s
111
64
Gd
Gadolinium
593.366 [Xe]4f 5d '6s
(247)
96
Cm
Curium
906.402
120
112.41
79 200.59 80
24
1.9
[Rn] 5f 6d 7s
12
IIB
Cadmium
867,772 [Kr]
30
1.65
[Ar]3d 4s
158.93
Cn
Copernicium
[Rn] 5f6d7s
598.007
65
Tb
Terbium
565.771 Def4f 6s
(247)
97
10.81
3
Bk
Berkelium
[Rn] Sf 7s
800.637
48 114.82
1.69
26.982
Cd In
Indium
577.539
13
ΠΙΑ
B
Boron
69.723
204.38
5
2.04
[He] 2s 2p
162.50
573 017
(251)
13
161
606.092
[Ne] 3s 3p
31
TI
Thallium
589.351 [Xe] 4f 5d 6s 6p
(286)
1.78
49 118.71
Jr
70
81 207.2
Nh
Nihonium
[Rn] 5f6d" 75 7p
1.8
113
[Ne] 3s 3p
34
2.55
Ga Ge As Se²
Gallium
Germanium
Arsenic
Selenium
578.845 [Ar]3d 4s 4p
940.963 [Ar]3d 4s 4p
52
12.011
AI Si P S CI
Aluminium
Sulfur
Chlorine
Phosphorus
[Ne] 3s 3p
Silicon
[Ne] 3s 3p
32 74.922
201
66
122
14
IVA
28.085
4
Carbon
1086.454 [He] 2s 2p
Xe 45 6s
786.518
72.630
2
6
2.55
164.93
Dy Ho
Dysprosium
Pb
762.179 [Ar]3d"45'4p 944.456
50 121.76
1.96
708.581 [kr] 4d 5s Sp
Lead
619.44
30.974
14
1.90
715.596 [Xe] 4f"5d 6s 6p
(289)
82
1.8
114
FI
Flerovium
[Rn] 5f6d 7s 7p
Holmium
580.987 [Xe] 41 "6s
98 (252)
Sn Sb
Tin
Antimony
830.583 (Kr) 4d 5s 5p
208.98
83
1.9
67
223
Cf Es
Einsteinium
Californium
[Rn] 5d 7s
14.007
1402.328
18.998
N 0 F
Fluorine
Nitrogen
[He] 2s 2p
15
Oxygen
1313.942 [Hel 25'2p 1681045
32.06
16 35.45
2.19
258
[Rn] 5d 7s
15
VA
1011812
7 15.999
33
3.04
167.26
6272
589.304
33
2.18
[Ar]3d 4s 4p
51
2.05
Mc
Moscovium
[Rn] Sf" 6d 75 7p
16
VIA
99 (257) 100
Fm
Fermium
[Rn] 5d7s
68
124
Er
Erbium
Mel of 6s
999.589
Bi Po
Bismuth
Polonium
811.828 [Xe] 41 5d 6s 6p
702944 [Xe] 4f" Sd 6s 6p
(290)
115
(293)
78.971
127.60
8
3.44
Te
Tellurium,
859.294 [kr] 4d 55 5p
(209)
84
2.0
634.87
Lv
Livermorium
[Rn] Sf" 6d 7s 7p
168.93 69
125
Tm
Thulium
596.695 [Xe] 4f 6s
(258) 101
Md
Mendelevium
17
VIIA
[Rn] 5d7s
1251.186
116 (294)
9
[Hel 2s 2p
79.904 35
2.96
3.98
173.05
[Ne] 3s 3p
I
lodine
1008.393 [Kr) 4d 5s' Sp
(210)
603.435
Ytterbium
64163
At
Astatine
[Xe]4f5d 6s 6p
117
53
2.66
Ts
Tennessine
[Rn] 5f" 6d 75 7p
17 39.948
3.16
Br Kr
Bromine
Krypton
1139.859 [Ar]3d 4s 4p
1350.757 [Ar]3d 4s 4p
126.90
85
2.2
70
18
VIIIA
[Xe] 4f"6s
4.0026
He
Helium
2372 322
[Rn] 5d7s
20.180
Ne
Neon
2080.662 [He] 2s 2p
18
Ar
Argon
1520.571 [Ne] 3s 3p
83.798 36
2
10
131.29
4
Xe
Xenon
1170.352 (Kr) 4d 5s 5p
(222)
86
54
2.60
Rn
Radon
1037.073 [Xe] 4f 5d 6s 6p
(294)
174.97
Og
Oganesson
[Rn] 5f" 6d 7s 7p
118
472.8
No
No Lr
Nobelium
Lawrencium
Lu
Lutetium
$23.516 [Xe] 41 5d 6s
(259) 102 (266) 103
3
71
1.0
[Rn] Sf 7s 7p
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