In the figure, a ladder of length L = 12 m and mass m = 48 kg leans against a slick (frictionless) wall. The ladder's upper end is at height h = 9.4 m above the pavement on which the lower end rests (the pavement is not frictionless). The ladder's center of mass is L/3 from the lower end. A firefighter of mass M = 68 kg climbs the ladder. Let the coefficient of static friction s between the ladder and the pavement be 0.50. How far (in percent) up the ladder must the firefighter go to put the ladder on the verge of sliding? Frictionless System Fire- Fire- fighter fighter com Ladder Mg Ladder com mg a/3 Frictionless System Fire- Fire- fighter fighter com Ladder Mg -Ladder com mg' Number Units Use correct number of significant digits; the tolerance is +/-2%

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Refraction of Light

Refraction is a change in the direction of light rays when they travel from one medium to another. It is the bending of light when it goes through different media.

Angle of Refraction

Light is considered by many scientists to have dual nature, both particle nature and wave nature. First, Particle nature is one in which we consider a stream of packets of energy called photons. Second, Wave nature is considering light as electromagnetic radiation whereas part of it is perceived by humans. Visible spectrum defined by humans lies in a range of 400 to 700 nm wavelengths.

Index of Refraction of Diamond

Diamond, the world’s hardest naturally occurring material and mineral known, is a solid form of the element carbon. The atoms are arranged in a crystal structure called diamond cubic. They exist in a huge variety of colours. Also, they are one of the best conductors of heat and have a very high melting point.