In the ballistic pendulum shown below, the block has a mass of 1.4 kg, the bullet has a mass of 0.0091 kg, and the string has a length of 2.62 m. A bullet is shot directly at the block, lodging into the block, and causing the pendulum to swing forward 20°. What was the initial speed of the bullet, in m/s? Be clear and show all your work. (handwritten answer)

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Helmholtz Free Energy

The Helmholtz free energy is a thermodynamic potential used to calculate the measure of useful work from a closed system. This system is kept at constant temperature and volume. German physicist Hermann Helmholtz introduced this concept in 1882.