In recent years, practical hybrid cars have hit the road—cars in which the gasoline engine runs a generator that charges batteries that run an electric motor. These cars offer increased efficiency, but significantly greater efficiency could be provided by a purely electric car run by batteries that you charge by plugging into an electric outlet in your house.But there’s a practical problem with such vehicles: the time necessary to recharge the batteries. If you refuel your car with gas at the pump, you add 130 MJ of energy per gallon. If you add 20 gallons, you add a total of 2.6 GJ in about 5 minutes. That’s a lot of energy in a short time; the electric system of your house simply can’t provide power at this rate.There’s another snag as well. Suppose there were electric filling stations that could provide very high currents to recharge your electric car. Conventional batteries can’t recharge very quickly; it would still take longer for a recharge than to refill with gas.One possible solution is to use capacitors instead of batteries to store energy. Capacitors can be charged much more quickly, and as an added benefit, they can provide energy at a much greater rate—allowing for peppier acceleration. Today’s capacitors can’t store enough energy to be practical, but future generations will. One design challenge for a capacitor-powered electric car is that the voltage would change with time as the capacitors discharged. If the capacitors in a car were discharged to half their initial voltage, what fraction of energy would still be left?A. 75% B. 67%C. 50% D. 25%
In recent years, practical hybrid cars have hit the road—cars in which the gasoline engine runs a generator that charges batteries that run an electric motor. These cars offer increased efficiency, but significantly greater efficiency could be provided by a purely electric car run by batteries that you charge by plugging into an electric outlet in your house.
But there’s a practical problem with such vehicles: the time necessary to recharge the batteries. If you refuel your car with gas at the pump, you add 130 MJ of energy per gallon. If you add 20 gallons, you add a total of 2.6 GJ in about 5 minutes. That’s a lot of energy in a short time; the electric system of your house simply can’t provide power at this rate.
There’s another snag as well. Suppose there were electric filling stations that could provide very high currents to recharge your electric car. Conventional batteries can’t recharge very quickly; it would still take longer for a recharge than to refill with gas.
One possible solution is to use capacitors instead of batteries to store energy. Capacitors can be charged much more quickly, and as an added benefit, they can provide energy at a much greater rate—allowing for peppier acceleration. Today’s capacitors can’t store enough energy to be practical, but future generations will.
One design challenge for a capacitor-powered electric car is that the voltage would change with time as the capacitors discharged. If the capacitors in a car were discharged to half their initial voltage, what fraction of energy would still be left?
A. 75% B. 67%
C. 50% D. 25%
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