In one twin study investigating the genetics of addiction, 41% of monozygotic twins both exhibited substance dependence while 24% of dizygotic twins both exhibited substance dependence. Does this twin study suggest that there is or is not a genetic component to addiction? What evidence in model organisms supports a genetic component to addiction?
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In one twin study investigating the genetics of addiction, 41% of monozygotic twins both exhibited substance dependence while 24% of dizygotic twins both exhibited substance dependence. Does this twin study suggest that there is or is not a genetic component to addiction? What evidence in model organisms supports a genetic component to addiction?
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- Monozygotic twins: Question 2 options: a) Share 50% of their genetic material and if one twin has schizophrenia the risk of the other having the illness if 40-50% b) Share 100% of their genetic material and if one twin has schizophrenia, the risk of the other having schizophrenia is 10-15% c) Share 100% of their genetic material and if one twin has schizophrenia, the risk of the other having schizophrenia is 40-50% d) Share 50% of their genetic material and if one twin has schizophrenia the risk of the other having the illness is 10-15%In a study of schizophrenia (a mental disorder including disorganization of thought and withdrawal from reality), researchers looked at the prevalence of the disorder in the biological and adoptive parents of people who were adopted as children; they found the following results: Prevalence of schizophrenia Adoptees With schizophrenia Biological parents Adoptive parents 12 2 Without schizophrenia 6 4 [Source: S. S. Kety et al., 1978, in The Nature of Schizophrenia: New Approaches to Research and Treatment, L. C. Wynne, R. L. Cromwell, and S. Matthysse, Eds. New York: Wiley, 1978, pp. 25-37.] What can you conclude from these results concerning the role of genetics in schizophrenia? Explain your reasoning.Researchers are starting to feel pretty confident that daily alcohol consumption is CAUSALLY linked with liver cancer. What do you think is the most important other Hill’s criterion that researchers would like to have that would make them feel even more strongly about causality in this relationship?
- A researcher reads a news report about a high prevalence of diabetes among children residing in under resourced neighborhoods. The researcher wants to conduct a study to understand risk factors for diabetes in this population. They design a randomized controlled trial where children will be assigned to one group in which they are given 8 glasses of sugar sweetened beverages (SSB) per day (treatment group) and one group in which they are given 8 glasses of water per day (control group). The researcher goes to elementary schools in under resourced neighborhoods and approaches children as they are leaving the campus to tell they they have to participate in the study. The students are not told anything about the potential risks or benefits of study participation and are not compensated for being in the study. Drinking 8 glasses of water per day is known to be better for health compared to drinking 8 glasses of SSB per day. Because one treatment is already known to be more…I'm having trouble finding the dependent and independent variables of this scenaro: Average IQ scores for young school children are known to be 100 (SD = 15). However, the literature indicates that children’s intelligence may be decreased if their mothers have German measles during pregnancy. Using hospital records, a researcher obtained a sample of n = 25 school children whose mothers all had German measles during their pregnancies. Do the data indicate that children born to mothers who had German measles during the pregnancy have significantly lower IQ scores than typical young school children?Oxycontin is a drug used to treat pain, but it is well known for its addictiveness and danger. In a clinical trial, among randomly selected subjects treated with OxyContin, 52 developed nausea and 175 did not develop nausea. Among other randomly selected subjects given placebos, 5 developed nausea and 40 did not develop nausea. Use a 0.05 significance level to test the claim that the proportion of nausea is different for those on OxyContin than for those who are on placebo. Use the critical value method. Include a diagram of the distribution indicating important components of the question.
- What is concordance? For a polygenic or multifactorial trait such as behavior, why are identical (monozygous) twins studied? What is the advantage of studying identical twins reared apart? What should be the concordance in identical twins raised apart if a trait is purely genetic with no environmental influence? What are some genetic conditions or chromosomal abnormalities that cause changes in behavior?For example, Huntington disease; Fragile X syndrome. What is schizophrenia and why is it considered multifactorial? What is autism? Major depression? Bipolar disorder? What is: the purpose of our immune system? Our first line of defense against infection? • What are some differences between our innate immune system, and our adaptive immune system? What is an antigen? An antibody? Which cells make antibodies? What is a memory B cell? How do vaccines work? Why must HLA be matched for a successful organ transplant? Why is it difficult to find a good match?Larsen and Buss present four key research designs used in the behavioral genetic study of personality. Briefly review the key features of these designs and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each design. Why would it be particularly powerful for a set of results (such as heritability and environmental estimates) to be documented using more than one design? Refer to a specific personality trait in formulating your answer to this questionUsing examples from the literature, explain how genome-wide association studies have helped us understand the origins of neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism, ADHD and/or schizophrenia