In environmental studies, sex ratios are of great importance. Wolf society, packs, and ecology have been studied extensively at different locations in the U.S. and foreign countries. Sex ratios for eight study sites in northern Europe are shown below. Location of Wolf Pack % Males (Winter) % Males (Summer) Finland 88 57 Finland 62 59 Finland Lapland Lapland 70 69 55 48 64 55 Russia 50 50 Russia Russia 41 50 55 45 It is hypothesized that in winter, "loner" males (not present in summer packs) join the pack to increase survival rate. Use a 5% level of significance to test the claim that the average percentage of males in a wolf pack is higher in winter. (Let d = winter - summer.) (a) What is the level of significance? State the null and alternate hypotheses. will you use a left-talled, right-tailed, or two-tailed test? O Họ: Ha - 0; H: Mg > 0; right-tailed O Ho: Ma- 0; H: Hg 0; two-tailed O Ho: Ha > 0; H: Hg- 0; right-tailed O Họ: Ha - 0; H: Mg < 0; left-tailed (b) What sampling distribution will you use? What assumptions are you making? O The Student's t. We assume that d has an approximately normal distribution. O The Student's t. We assume that d has an approximately uniform distribution. O The standard normal. We assume that d has an approximately normal distribution. O The standard normal. We assume that d has an approximately uniform distribution. What is the value of the sample test statistic? (Round your answer to three decimal places.) (c) Find (or estimate) the P-value. O P-value > 0.250 O 0.125 < P-value < 0.250 O 0.050 < P-value < 0.125 O 0.025 < P-value < 0.050 O 0.005 < P-value < 0.025 O P-value < 0.005