In an experiment to test an aspect of cognition in chimpanzees, 67 chimpanzees were given two boxes to open. 17 of them succeeded in opening both boxes, 15 of them failed in opening both boxes, 24 of them opened the first box but not the second, and 12 of them opened the second box but not the first. Does this data support the idea that both boxes were equally difficult for the chimpanzees to open?
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- An experimenter wanted to explore the relationship between memory and distraction. Specifically, she hypothesized that people's memory would worsen under conditions of high distraction. To test this, she recruited 100 participants from the community ranging in age from 18-63, and randomly assigned them to either a high distraction or low distraction group. In the high distraction group, participants were asked to memorize list of 20 neutral words ( e.g. chair, light, rabbit) while a smoke detector went off approximately every 30 seconds . In the low distraction group , the participants were asked to memorize the list of 20 words with no sounds present . At the end of a 15-minute study period , all participants were asked to write down as many of the words as they could recall. Identify the dependent variable .Craik & Tulving ran an experiment to determine how depth of processing during study affects memory. In the study phase, 12 participants made judgments about words. In one block of trials (the visual condition) they indicated whether the words were written in upper case or lower case; in another block of trials (the auditory condition) they indicated whether the words contained an "ee" sound; in another block of trials (the meaning condition) they indicated whether the meaning of the words was pleasant or unpleasant. There were 12 words in each block. After completing the study phase, participants were asked to write down all the words they could remember. Here are the data: Mean Visual 3.5 Auditory 4.5 Meaning 6.0 Standard Deviation 1.5 1.6 1.9 Compared to the within-subjects design, the between-subjects design (select all that apply) Oa. Would have less statistical power O b. Would be less prone to experimenter bias O c. Would be less prone to order effects Od. Would have better…A researcher is interested in whether people will show different amounts of cognitive dissonance when viewing images of animals in distress vs. images of humans in distress. The researcher collects data from N = 12 people and randomly assigns six people to an Animal Distress condition and six different people to a Human Distress condition. Participants were shown 20 images superimposed onto one of 4 color backgrounds (i.e., red, yellow, green, and blue) and were asked to report the color behind each image as quickly as possible using keys on a keyboard. Participants in the Animal Distress condition were shown 20 images of animals in distress and participants in the Human Distress condition were shown 20 images of humans in distress. Cognitive dissonance was measured using the number of errors made in identifying background colors. The data were as follows: Animal Distress: 8, 6, 7, 8, 5, 9 Human Distress: 3, 2, 4, 1, 2, 2
- An experiment was conducted to determine whether a test designed to identify a certain formof mental illness could be easily interpreted with little psychological training. The test was givento 100 people (half of which had the illness, and half did not) and fifteen people were asked toevaluate them. The fifteen judges were five staff members of a mental hospital, five trainees atthe hospital, and five undergraduate psychology majors. The results in the table give the numberof the 100 tests correctly classified by each judge. Analyze the data with the Kruskal-Wallis orFriedman test statistics.Staff Trainees Students78 80 6576 69 7480 75 7879 81 8086 72 75a) Is there evidence to suggest that there are differences between staff, trainees, and…Many believe that an uncivil environment has a negative effect on people. A pair of researchers performed a series of experiments to test whether witnessing rudeness and disrespect affects task performance.9 In one study, 34 participants met in small groups and witnessed the group organizer being rude to a “participant” who showed up late for the group meeting. After the exchange, each participant performed an individual brainstorming task in which he or she was asked to produce as many uses for a brick as possible in 5 minutes. The mean number of uses was 7.88 with a standard deviation of 2.35. (a) Suppose that prior research has shown that the average number of uses a person can produce in 5 minutes under normal conditions is 10. Given that the researchers hypothesize that witnessing this rudeness will decrease performance, state the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses. (b) Carry out the significance test using a significance level of 0.05. Give the P-value and state your…Dr. Moas is interested in examining how environmental cues affect memory. She asks 15 students to study 10 obscure words for a vocabulary exam. All students take the final vocabulary exam in Classroom A. She randomly assigns participants to one of three locations to study for the exam: the same classroom (Classroom A), a different classroom (Classroom B), or a completely separate location, the school gym. Then, she records the number of vocabulary words that each student correctly defines on the exam. The data is as follows: Participant Study Location Vocabulary Words Answered Correctly 1 Same Classroom 9 2 Same Classroom 8 3 Same Classroom 10 4 Same Classroom 8 5 Same Classroom 9 6 Different Classroom 9 7 Different Classroom 8 8 Different Classroom 7 9 Different Classroom 8 10 Different Classroom 7 11 School Gym 6 12 School Gym 7 13 School Gym 5 14 School Gym 6…
- Dr. Moas is interested in examining how environmental cues affect memory. She asks 15 students to study 10 obscure words for a vocabulary exam. All students take the final vocabulary exam in Classroom A. She randomly assigns participants to one of three locations to study for the exam: the same classroom (Classroom A), a different classroom (Classroom B), or a completely separate location, the school gym. Then, she records the number of vocabulary words that each student correctly defines on the exam. The data is as follows: Participant Study Location Vocabulary Words Answered Correctly 1 Same Classroom 9 2 Same Classroom 8 3 Same Classroom 10 4 Same Classroom 8 5 Same Classroom 9 6 Different Classroom 9 7 Different Classroom 8 8 Different Classroom 7 9 Different Classroom 8 10 Different Classroom 7 11 School Gym 6 12 School Gym 7 13 School Gym 5 14 School Gym 6…A recent study sought to determine if exercising after studying for an exam may help retain information. The 150 student volunteers that participated in the study were randomly assigned to three groups. All students were given a picture memory task that they studied for 15 minutes. After studying, one of the groups was instructed to exercise for 30 minutes immediately after studying. A second group was instructed to wait 1 hour after studying and then exercise for 30 minutes. The third group was instructed to not exercise after studying. The next day all 150 student volunteers were given a test to determine how well they could remember what they studied. Here are the results: The researchers want to test: H0: There is no difference in the distribution of performance on the test for the three treatment groups among the population of all student volunteers like these. Ha: There is a difference in the distribution of performance on the test for the three treatment groups among the…Identify whether this example has an internal validity problem. If it does, identify (i) whether the problem is a design confound, a selection effect, or an order effect. Finally, (ii) explain how each of the problematic studies might be changed so that it does not have an internal validity problem. A cognitive psychologist believes that people learn better when they spread out their studying over several days, so she creates a study with three groups of participants. Each group studies the same list of 120 Chinese vocabulary words (none of the participants had studied Chinese before). One group studies the words for 20 minutes on the first day. The second group studies the words for 20 minutes on the first and second days. The last group studies the words for 20 minutes on the first, second, and third days. On the fourth day, all of the participants are tested on how well they have learned the Chinese vocabulary words. The people in the last group scored the best, so the researcher…
- An investigator is interested in the effects of sleep deprivation on memory function. He randomly assigns each of 20 participants to one of four groups. Five subjects take a test of memory function after they have been awake for eight hours (No sleep deprivation). Five subjects take the test after they have been awake for 18 hours (mild sleep deprivation). Five subjects take the test after they have been awake four 24 hours (moderate sleep deprivation). Five subjects take the test after they have been awakefor 48 hours (severe sleep deprivation). Apply appropriate test to verify the effect of sleep deprivation on memory function.Suppose that, as a researcher, you're interested in the possible interplay between age and face recognition. You choose 75 participants, 15 of whom are young children, 15 of whom are teenagers, 15 of whom are in their thirties, 15 of whom are middle-aged, and 15 of whom are senior citizens. You let each participant examine a collection of 35 photographs of faces of college students. You then test the participant by presenting, on a computer display and one at a time, a sequence of 70 faces (some familiar and some new). You ask the participant to identify each presented face as being part of the original collection or not part of the original collection. You record the total time (in seconds) that each participant takes to make all 70 of her responses. These times are summarized here: Group Young children Teenagers In their thirties Middle-aged Senior citizens Sample size 15 15 Continue 15 15 15 Sample Sample mean variance 68.0 62.8 70.8 63,4 65.1 28.4 23.3 36.9 52.3 Send data to…suppose that as a researcher, you’re interested in the possible interplay between age and face recognition. You choose a number of participants for a experiment which each participant coming from one of several predetermined age groups. Your goal is to decide if there is a difference in performance based on age group, and a particular face recognition task.  you let each participant examine a collection of 35 photographs of faces of college students. You then test the participant by presenting on a computer display one out at a time, a sequence of 70 faces (the familiar ones and others). You ask the participant to identify each presented face as being either part of the original collection, or not part of the original collection. The variable you examine is the total time (and seconds) that each participant takes to make all 70 of her responses. — 
