In an emergency situation, a three-cell (in series) sealed NiCd battery pack (capacity 1200 mAh) is welded in parallel to one 1200 mAh LiCoO2 cell. The battery pack is used in a remote location at low temperatures and because of that is oversized. The discharge is programmed to occur to 25% DoD, every day for 1 year at 0.5C current while charge (e.g., using solar PV) is performed the following day with the same current. What can be expected to have happened after 1 year? O LiCoO₂ batteries couldn't be charged due to low internal resistance of NiCd battery in series. The capacity of the pack increased with time due to synergetic effects. O LICOO₂ cells exploded due to voltage mismatch. The capacity of the whole battery pack declined by approximately 75%. The electrolyte froze at low temperature then sublimed during charge.
Load flow analysis
Load flow analysis is a study or numerical calculation of the power flow of power in steady-state conditions in any electrical system. It is used to determine the flow of power (real and reactive), voltage, or current in a system under any load conditions.
Nodal Matrix
The nodal matrix or simply known as admittance matrix, generally in engineering term it is called Y Matrix or Y bus, since it involve matrices so it is also referred as a n into n order matrix that represents a power system with n number of buses. It shows the buses' nodal admittance in a power system. The Y matrix is rather sparse in actual systems with thousands of buses. In the power system the transmission cables connect each bus to only a few other buses. Also the important data that one needs for have a power flow study is the Y Matrix.
Types of Buses
A bus is a type of system of communication that transfers data between the components inside a computer or between two or more computers. With multiple hardware connections, the earlier buses were parallel electrical wires but the term "bus" is now used for any type of physical arrangement which provides the same type of logical functions similar to the parallel electrical bus. Both parallel and bit connections are used by modern buses. They can be wired either electrical parallel or daisy chain topology or are connected by hubs which are switched same as in the case of Universal Serial Bus or USB.
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