In a triaxial test for the normally consolidated clay, chamber confining pressure 200 %3D kN/m2 and deviator stress = 400 kN/m2. What is the offective major principal stress? (a) 200 kN/m2 (b) 400 kN/m2 (c) 550 kN/m2 (d) 600 kN/m2

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Load and resistance factor design

Load and resistance factors design (LRFD), also known as Limit state design (LSD), refers to the design method used in building engineering. A boundary condition is a condition of a structure where it can no longer meet the relevant design requirements. The condition may refer to the load level or other actions on the structure, while the terms refer to the integrity of the structure, suitability for use, durability, or other design requirements. A structure designed for LRFD is limited to keeping track of all possible actions during its design time and is always ready for use, with the appropriate level of reliability in each boundary condition. LRFD-based construction codes clearly define the appropriate levels of reliability in their instructions.