In 1927, Heisenberg proposed his famous Uncertainty Principle that extended the conceptual grounds of quantum theory in surprising ways. In short, Heisenberg stated that: O In principle, no two atomic particles in an orbital can have the same quantum numbers O None of these statements is correct O In principle one cannot simultaneously determine the mass of a sub-atomic particle and its charge with equal accuracy. In other words, in contradistinction to the determinism of Classical physics, where in theory, given initial conditions, we should be able to predict all future behavior of all particles, quantum mechanics reveals an inherent indeterminacy built into nature and our understanding of it. O In principle one cannot simultaneously determine the position of a sub-atomic particle and its speed (or momentum) with equal accuracy. In other words, in contradistinction to the determinism of Classical physics, where in theory, given initial conditions, we should be able to predict all future behavior of all particles, quantum mechanics reveals an inherent indeterminacy built into nature and our understanding of it.
Quantum mechanics and hydrogen atom
Consider an electron of mass m moves with the velocity v in a hydrogen atom. If an electron is at a distance r from the proton, then the potential energy function of the electron can be written as follows:
Isotopes of Hydrogen Atoms
To understand isotopes, it's easiest to learn the simplest system. Hydrogen, the most basic nucleus, has received a great deal of attention. Several of the results seen in more complex nuclei can be seen in hydrogen isotopes. An isotope is a nucleus of the same atomic number (Z) but a different atomic mass number (A). The number of neutrons present in the nucleus varies with respect to the isotope.
Mass of Hydrogen Atom
Hydrogen is one of the most fundamental elements on Earth which is colorless, odorless, and a flammable chemical substance. The representation of hydrogen in the periodic table is H. It is mostly found as a diatomic molecule as water H2O on earth. It is also known to be the lightest element and takes its place on Earth up to 0.14 %. There are three isotopes of hydrogen- protium, deuterium, and tritium. There is a huge abundance of Hydrogen molecules on the earth's surface. The hydrogen isotope tritium has its half-life equal to 12.32 years, through beta decay. In physics, the study of Hydrogen is fundamental.
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