Impervious lay Figure 7.31 A The results of a constant-head permeability test for a fine sand sample diameter of 70 mm and a length of 140 mm are as follows (refer to Fi .Constant-head difference 550 mm . Water collected in 7 min = 450 cm3 . Void ratio of sand = 0.8 %3D Determine: a. Hydraulic conductivity, k (cm/sec) b. Seepage velocity 77 In a constant-head permeability test, the length of the specimen and the cross sectional area is 78.5 cm2. If k = 2.1 X 10-2 cm/sec, ar flow of 130 cm/min has to be maintained during the test, what shG head difference across the specimen? 7.8 The following data are for a falling-head permeability test: • Length of the soil sample • Diameter of soil sample = • Area of the standpipe = 19.6 mm2 • At time t = 0, head difference = 500 mm • At time t =7 min, head difference = 350 mm a. Determine the hydraulic conductivity of the soil (cm/sec) b. What was the head difference at t =5 min? 7.9 The following data are for a falling-head permeability test: Length of the soil sample = 400 mm • Area of the soil sample = 7854 mm2 • Diameter of the standpipe = 11 mm %3D =140mm 70mm %3D %3D %3D %3D %3D %3D %3D %3D

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Fluid Materials

In general terms, anything that flows can be termed as a fluid. In other words, a fluid is any substance that cannot resist shear forces and deforms continuously under the application of external shear forces. Fluid materials differ completely from solid materials such as metals and alloys. For instance, if we consider two infinitesimally small cross-sectional areas of fluid materials and solid materials, and apply shear forces to these elements, both the elements will undergo deformation. Upon releasing the shear force, the element of the solid materials will regain its original orientation, but the element of the fluid materials will keep on deforming continuously under the action of the shear force.