III. Sedimentary Rocks – Ch. 5* Compare & contrast the two basic categories of sedimentary rocks. What is the origin of each type?* On what basis are the detrital sedimentary rocks further subdivided? (Grain size)* What other textural characteristics are important in controlling the behavior (including the engineering properties) of sedimentary rocks? (e.g., sorting, roundness & sphericity)* On what basis are the chemical sedimentary rocks subdivided? (Mineralogical composition)* Key sedimentary rocks to be familiar with: detrital – shale, siltstone, sandstone, conglomerate; chemical – limestone & dolostone, rock salt, gypsum, coal.* Be able to match the different kinds of detrital sedimentary rocks with their characteristic grain size range and be able to match the chemical or biogenic sedimentary rocks with the minerals that compose them.* How are sedimentary rocks important to the economy, esp. to Ohio’s economy?* Geologists are interested in sedimentary structures because they give important clues to the history of events at the Earth’s surface at the time of deposition. What are dunes, ripple marks and cross bedding and how do geologists interpret the formation of these features?* What sedimentary structures can provide important “way-up” indicators, and why is this important to geologists (refer back to geologic history).* Detail the most important engineering concerns in dealing with sedimentary rocks. Why are sedimentary rocks of so much concern to engineers?IV. Metamorphic Rocks – Ch. 6* What are the basic controls on the process of metamorphism?* What is the geothermal gradient? What is metamorphic grade?* Contrast lithostatic (hydrostatic) pressure with differential stress. How does the presence of a differential stress affect the development of metamorphic rocks?* Relate the various environments of metamorphism and the types of conditions found in each environment to the fundamental concepts of plate tectonics.* What is metamorphic foliation, and how does it form? What concern is it to engineers?* Key metamorphic rock types to know: quartzite, marble, slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss.* Why are metamorphic rocks important despite being less common at the Earth’s surface? What are the principal concerns of engineers in dealing with metamorphic rocks?* Of the three major rock families, which tend to be strongest or weakest? Which tend to be most or least permeable? Be ready to analyze and discuss the chief factors controlling rock strength.V. Plate Tectonics – Plate tectonics is covered on p.41-51 of Ch. 2 in your text.* Be familiar with the general compositional and rheological structure of the Earth — e.g., core-mantle-crust; lithosphere vs. asthenosphere.* Contrast continental & oceanic crust.* What are the basic ideas of plate tectonics?* What are the basic types of plate boundaries? E.G., divergent (Mid-oceanic ridges and continental rifts), convergent (subduction zones vs. continental collision zones), and transform (oceanic or continental). You should be able to identify classic examples of each, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, East African Rift Valley, Andes Mts. of So. America & Cascade Range of the Pacific NW, the Himalayas, and the San Andreas Fault.* How does plate tectonics relate to the global distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes?
III. Sedimentary Rocks – Ch. 5
* Compare & contrast the two basic categories of sedimentary rocks. What is the origin of each type?
* On what basis are the detrital sedimentary rocks further subdivided? (Grain size)
* What other textural characteristics are important in controlling the behavior (including the engineering properties) of sedimentary rocks? (e.g., sorting, roundness & sphericity)
* On what basis are the chemical sedimentary rocks subdivided? (Mineralogical composition)
* Key sedimentary rocks to be familiar with: detrital – shale, siltstone, sandstone, conglomerate; chemical – limestone & dolostone, rock salt, gypsum, coal.
* Be able to match the different kinds of detrital sedimentary rocks with their characteristic grain size range and be able to match the chemical or biogenic sedimentary rocks with the minerals that compose them.
* How are sedimentary rocks important to the economy, esp. to Ohio’s economy?
* Geologists are interested in sedimentary structures because they give important clues to the history of events at the Earth’s surface at the time of deposition. What are dunes, ripple marks and cross bedding and how do geologists interpret the formation of these features?
* What sedimentary structures can provide important “way-up” indicators, and why is this important to geologists (refer back to geologic history).
* Detail the most important engineering concerns in dealing with sedimentary rocks. Why are sedimentary rocks of so much concern to engineers?
IV. Metamorphic Rocks – Ch. 6
* What are the basic controls on the process of metamorphism?
* What is the geothermal gradient? What is metamorphic grade?
* Contrast lithostatic (hydrostatic) pressure with differential stress. How does the presence of a differential stress affect the development of metamorphic rocks?
* Relate the various environments of metamorphism and the types of conditions found in each environment to the fundamental concepts of plate tectonics.
* What is metamorphic foliation, and how does it form? What concern is it to engineers?
* Key metamorphic rock types to know: quartzite, marble, slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss.
* Why are metamorphic rocks important despite being less common at the Earth’s surface? What are the principal concerns of engineers in dealing with metamorphic rocks?
* Of the three major rock families, which tend to be strongest or weakest? Which tend to be most or least permeable? Be ready to analyze and discuss the chief factors controlling rock strength.
V. Plate Tectonics – Plate tectonics is covered on p.41-51 of Ch. 2 in your text.
* Be familiar with the general compositional and rheological structure of the Earth — e.g., core-mantle-crust; lithosphere vs. asthenosphere.
* Contrast continental & oceanic crust.
* What are the basic ideas of plate tectonics?
* What are the basic types of plate boundaries? E.G., divergent (Mid-oceanic ridges and continental rifts), convergent (subduction zones vs. continental collision zones), and transform (oceanic or continental). You should be able to identify classic examples of each, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, East African Rift Valley, Andes Mts. of So. America & Cascade Range of the Pacific NW, the Himalayas, and the San Andreas Fault.
* How does plate tectonics relate to the global distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes?
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