PLEASE DO NOT REJECT MY ANSWER. READ the text and answer the question. THERE IS ONE QUESTION ONLY. ALSO DO NOT COPY FROM GOOGLE. READ THE TEXT AND ANSWER THE ONE QUESTION. REMEMBER TO USE THE WORD GENE WHEN YOU ARE WRITING IR POINT WILL BE TAKEN OF. AND IF YOU REJECT MY ANSSWER I WILL NOT USE THE APP. I KNOW THERE IS READING BUT THERE IS LITERALLY ONE QUESTION. SO PLEASE READ THE TEXT AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS BASED ON THE TEXT NOT FROM GOOGLE. DO NOT COPY FROM GOOGLE WRITE A SIMPLE PARAGRAPH Identical Twins' Genes are Not IdenticalIdentical twins are identical, right? After all, they derive from just one fertilized egg,which contains one set of genetic instructions, or genome, formed from combining thechromosomes of mother and father.But experience shows that identical twins are rarely completely the same. Until recently,any differences between twins had largely been attributed to environmental influences(otherwise known as "nurture"), but a recent study contradicts that belief.Geneticist Carl Bruder of the University of Alabama at Birmingham, and his colleaguesclosely compared the genomes of 19 sets of adult identical twins. In some cases, onetwin's DNA differed from the other's at various points on their genomes. At these sites ofgenetic divergence, one bore a different number of copies of the same gene, a geneticstate called copy number variants.Normally people carry two copies of every gene, one inherited from each parent. "Thereare, however, regions in the genome that deviate from that two-copy rule, and that'swhere you have copy number variants," Bruder explains. These regions can carryanywhere from zero to over 14 copies of a gene.Scientists have long used twins to study the roles of nature and nurture in humangenetics and how each affects disease, behavior, and conditions, such as obesity. ButBruder's findings suggest a new way to study the genetic and environmental roots ofdisease.For example, one twin in Bruder's study was missing some genes on particularchromosomes that indicated a risk of leukemia, which he indeed suffered. The othertwin did not.Bruder therefore believes that the differences in identical twins can be used to identifyspecific genetic regions that coincide with specific diseases. Next, he plans to examineblood samples from twin pairs in which only one suffers from asthma or psoriasis to seewhether he can find gene copy number changes that relate to either of these illnesses.The result might also call into question the many findings of previous twin studies thatassumed identical twins were indeed identical, Bruder notes. "It's pretty unlikely they'regoing to significantly change any of the results found so far," counters Kerry Jang, apsychologist at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, who runs Canada'slargest twin study, "We can adjust our models to take [genetic differences) into accountin the same way we've adjusted for different environments."The discovery of this genetic variation gives hope for an obscure but pressing issue inthe case of a criminal suspect who is an identical twin. "If one twin is a suspect and thewhereabouts of the other twin cannot be determined, then the jury is often left withoutthe ability to find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt" in cases that rely on DNA evidence,says Frederick Bieber, a pathologist at Harvard Medical School. "If the twin issue comes up in a criminal investigation it's possible that if there are [copynumber variants] that differ between the two twins that might help sort that out," Biebersays.Given that there are 80 pairs of identical twins in Virginia's convicted offender databasealone, this might not be as small an issue as it may sound. And such genetic variationalso matters to the population at large.Bruder speculates that such variation is a natural occurrence that accumulates with agein everyone. "I believe that the genome that you're born with is not the genome that youdie with-at least not for all the cells in your body," he says.Charles Lee, a geneticist at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, agrees. Geneticvariations can arise after a double strand of DNA breaks when exposed to ionizingradiation or carcinogens. "It reminds us to be careful about our environment becauseour environment can help to change our genome," he says.Plus, these variations may predict age-related diseases. Lee adds: "As you age ... yourchances for having a genomic rearrangement that causes a certain disease increasesall the time."The differences between identical twins increase as they age, because environmentallytriggered changes accumulate. But twins can also begin their lives with differences,according to Bruder's study, and that calls into question their very name."Maybe we shouldn't call them identical twins," Harvard's Bieber says. "We should callthem 'one-egg twins."How do scientists plan to use copy number variants and identical twins todetermine the roots of diseases?In your response, use the words: gene

Monozygotic twins are twins that developed from a single zygote. The zygote splits into two equal…

"If the twin issue comes up in a number variants] that differ between the two twins that might help sort that out," Bieber says. [copy Given that there are 80 pairs of identical twins in Virginia's convicted offender database alone, this might not be as small an issue as it may sound. And such genetic variation also matters to the population at large. Bruder speculates that such variation is a natural occurrence that accumulates with age in everyone. "I believe that the genome that you're born with is not the genome that you die with-at least not for all the cells in your body," he says. Charles Lee, a geneticist at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, agrees. Genetic variations can arise after a double strand of DNA breaks when exposed to ionizing radiation or carcinogens. "It reminds us to be careful about our environment because our environment can help to change our genome," he says. Plus, these variations may predict age-related diseases. Lee adds: "As you age . your chances for having a genomic rearrangement that causes a certain disease increases all the time." The differences between identical twins increase as they age, because environmentally triggered changes accumulate. But twins can also begin their lives with differences, according to Bruder's study, and that calls into question their very name. "Maybe we shouldn't call them identical twins," Harvard's Bieber says. "We should call them 'one-egg twins." How do scientists plan to use copy number variants and identical twins to determine the roots of diseases? In your response, use the words: gene

11th Edition

ISBN:9780134580999

Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...