If the effective shear stress strength parameters of a soil are c' = 10 kPa and o' = 30°, the shear %3D %3D strength on a plane within the saturated soil mass at a point where the total normal stress is 300 kPa and pore water pressure is 150 kPa will be (a) 90.5 kPa (c) 101.5 kPa (b) 96.6 kPa (d) 105.5 kPa

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.