If the concentration of ethyl alcohol in a whiskey is sufficiently great, the whiskey vapors can be ignited by a match. The lower flammability limit (LFL) is the minimum concentration (expressed as a mole fraction) for which a gaseous mixture of ethyl alcohol in air is flammable. At 25 oC the LFL for ethyl alcohol is 0.033 Suppose the atmospheric pressure is 745 torr and the temperature is 25 oC. At this temperature, the vapor pressure of pure ethyl alcohol is 63 torr. Calculate the minimum mole fraction of ethyl alcohol in the whiskey that will allow the whiskey vapor to ignite. (Assume the other components of the whiskey and air are nonflammable. Assume the whiskey is an ideal solution and the air is an ideal gas.)

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Basic Chemical Calculations (Process and Variables)

A basic chemical calculation involves the application of the law of chemical proportions to various reactions and material and energy balance calculations on various chemical processes. Basic chemical calculation helps students analyze various chemical processes and develop problem-solving skills. The chemical manufacturing processes are divided into unit operations involving physical changes of material and unit processes involving the chemical transformation of materials. For instance, fluid flow, heat transfer, and mass transfer are unit operations, and oxidation, reduction, and pyrolysis are unit processes.