IF AN ITEM IS VALID (V), THEN SHOW THAT IT IS VIA PROOF OF VALIDITY (S); BUT IF IT IS NOT VALID. THEN FALSIFY THE CONSEQUENT (F). Therefore, if an item is not valid, then do not show that it is, or if the item is valid, then do not falsify the consequent. 2. Either James Bond is a spy, or Austin Powers is sly (B, P). If James Bond is not a spy, then Austin Powers is not sly. Therefore if Austin Powers is sly, then James Bond is not a spy, and if James Bond is not a spy, then Austin Powers is sly.

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