If a scismic wave passes through four earth layers with depths of 40, 90, 150 and 220 m respectively, and the wave velocity in these layers is 200, 300, 400, 500 m/sec, respectively, then the value of the dynamic a distance of 200. NMO correction for the reflected wave from the first separated layer and captured By pickup at

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.