Ideal and Real Gases
Ideal gases obey conditions of the general gas laws under all states of pressure and temperature. Ideal gases are also named perfect gases. The attributes of ideal gases are as follows,
Gas Laws
Gas laws describe the ways in which volume, temperature, pressure, and other conditions correlate when matter is in a gaseous state. The very first observations about the physical properties of gases was made by Robert Boyle in 1662. Later discoveries were made by Charles, Gay-Lussac, Avogadro, and others. Eventually, these observations were combined to produce the ideal gas law.
Gaseous State
It is well known that matter exists in different forms in our surroundings. There are five known states of matter, such as solids, gases, liquids, plasma and Bose-Einstein condensate. The last two are known newly in the recent days. Thus, the detailed forms of matter studied are solids, gases and liquids. The best example of a substance that is present in different states is water. It is solid ice, gaseous vapor or steam and liquid water depending on the temperature and pressure conditions. This is due to the difference in the intermolecular forces and distances. The occurrence of three different phases is due to the difference in the two major forces, the force which tends to tightly hold molecules i.e., forces of attraction and the disruptive forces obtained from the thermal energy of molecules.
If 10.5 L of nitrogen are cooled from 94 oC to 13 oC, what is the new volume?
![PERIOD
2
3
5
7
GROUP
IA
1.008
1
H
HYDROGEN 2
IIA
3 6.94 4 9.0122
Be
Li
LITHIUM
POTASSIUM
11 22.990 12 24.305
Na Mg
SODIUM
MAGNESIUM 3
19 39.098 20 40.078 21 44.956
K
BERYLLIUM
87
FRANCIUM
CALCIUM
37 85.468 38 87.62
39 88.906
Rb Sr Y
RUBIDIUM STRONTIUM
55 132.91 56 137.33
Cs
Ba
CAESIUM
BARIUM
PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
(223) 88
Fr Ra
RADIUM
SCANDIUM
www.periodni.com
YTTRIUM
B 4 IVB 5 VB 6 VIB 7 VIIB 8
22 47.867 23 50.942
Ca Sc Ti V
TITANIUM
(1) Atomic weights of the elements 2013,
Pure Appl. Chem., 88, 265-291 (2016)
GROUP NUMBERS
IUPAC RECOMMENDATION
(1985)
HAFNIUM
ATOMIC NUMBER
VANADIUM
SYMBOL
LANTHANUM
13
5
ACTINIDE
ACTINIUM
IIIA
10.811
B
BORON
40 91.224 41 92.906
Zr
Nb
ZIRCONIUM NIOBIUM
72 178.49 73 180.95 74 183.84 75 186.21
GROUP NUMBERS
CHEMICAL ABSTRACT SERVICE
(1986)
THORIUM
VIE
9
10
24 51.996 25 54.938 26 55.845 27 58.933 28 58.693
Cr Mn Fe
Co Ni
CHROMIUM
MANGANESE
COBALT
RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS (1)
MOLYBDENUM TECHNETIUM
57-71
La-Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt
Lanthanide
IRIDIUM
TANTALUM TUNGSTEN RHENIUM
ELEMENT NAME
IRON
RUTHENIUM
OSMIUM
NICKEL
HASSIUM
PLATINUM
13 26.982 14 28.085 15 30.974 16 32.06 17 35.45 18 39.948
Al Si P S CI Ar
SILICON
ARGON
11 IB 12 IIB ALUMINIUM
PHOSPHORUS SULPHUR CHLORINE
29 63.546 30 65.38 31 69.723 32 72.64 33 74.922 34 78.971 35 79.904 36 83.798
Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
GALLIUM GERMANIUM ARSENIC SELENIUM
42 95.95 43 (98) 44 101.07 45 102.91 46 106.42 47 107.87 48 112.41 49 114.82 50 118.71 51 121.76 52 127.60 53 126.90 54 131.29
Mo TC Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
Sn Sb Te
Xe
TIN
RHODIUM PALLADIUM SILVER
ANTIMONY TELLURIUM
76 190.23 77 192.22 78 195.08 79 196.97 80 200.59 81 204.38 82 207.2 83 208.98 84 (209) 85 (210) 86 (222)
Pb Bi Po At
Au
Hg Tl
Rn
GOLD
MERCURY
THALLIUM
POLONIUM ASTATINE
COPPER
ZINC
13
5
CADMIUM
10.81 6
B
BORON
A 14
INDIUM
IVA 15 VA 16
12.011 7 14.007 8
с
N
CARBON
89 (227) 90 232.04 91 231.04 92 238.03 93 (237) 94 (244) 95 (243) 96 (247) 97 (247) 98 (251) 99
Ac
Pa
PROTACTINIUM URANIUM
NITROGEN
LEAD
BISMUTH
VIA 17 VIIA
15.999 9 18.998 10 20.180
F
Ne
OXYGEN
(226) 89-103 104 (267) 105 (268) 106 (271)
107 (272) 108 (277) 109 (276) 110 (281) 111 (280) 112 (285) 113 (285) 114 (287) 115 (289) 116 (291) 117 (294)
118 (294)
AC-Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
Actinide
RUTHERFORDIUM DUBNIUM SEABORGIUM BOHRIUM
MEITNERIUM DARMSTADTIUM ROENTGENIUM COPERNICIUM NIHONIUM
FLEROVIUM MOSCOVIUM LIVERMORIUM TENNESSINE OGANESSON
FLUORINE
ERBIUM
18 VIIIA
2 4.0026
He
BROMINE
IODINE
THULIUM
HELIUM
NEON
LANTHANIDE
57 138.91 58 140.12 59 140.91 60 144.24 61 (145) 62 150.36 63 151.96 64 157.25 65 158.93 66 162.50 67 164.93 68 167.26 69 168.93 70 173.05 71 174.97
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd ть
Tb Dy Но Er Tm Yb Lu
CERIUM PRASEODYMIUM NEODYMIUM PROMETHIUM SAMARIUM EUROPIUM GADOLINIUM
TERBIUM DYSPROSIUM HOLMIUM
YTTERBIUM LUTETIUM
KRYPTON
XENON
RADON
Copyright © 2017 Eni Generalić
(252) 100 (257) 101 (258) 102 (259) 103 (262)
Np Pu Am
Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
NEPTUNIUM PLUTONIUM AMERICIUM CURIUM BERKELIUM
FERMIUM
CALIFORNIUM EINSTEINIUM
MENDELEVIUM NOBELIUM
LAWRENCIUM](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F9d91681b-b5a6-49f9-b3be-603533ed9a35%2F1594105f-1eae-4758-af49-15985533637b%2Fp3f869_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
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