(a) Identify the temperature, composition, and phase transformation equation for each eutectic/eutectoid/peritectic/peritectoid point shown in plot b) In real world applications, there is often a need for the production of steel/iron systems that have diverse properties because Fe-based alloy systems tend to be very cheap and have high strength. Identify a composition and temperature that you would use to obtain the following materials, then calculate the percentage of each phase present at the point in the diagram and the percentage of Fe and C in each phase. You may need to use the internet to obtain some generic (but readily available) information about the properties of each phasei. A steel with no ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) and is non-magneticii. A steel containing 2 metallic phases but no ceramic phases iii. A cast iron containing at least 40% cementite iv. A magnetic steel with an 100% eutectic or eutectoid structure (c) Many stainless steels (containing Cr and Ni, among Fe, C, and other alloying additions) are austenitic in structure despite processing that occurs in the alpha and alpha+cementite regions of the Fe-C phase diagram. Briefly explain why the Fe-C diagram may not accurately predict the structure of stainless steels? Include at least 2 assumptions that are made when consulting the Fe-C phase diagram to direct process conditions The image is a phase diagram for the iron-carbon (Fe-C) system, a crucial concept in materials science and metallurgy. This diagram illustrates the phase transformations of alloys with varying carbon compositions at different temperatures.### Key Elements of the Diagram:1. **Axes**: - The horizontal axis represents the composition in weight percent carbon (wt% C), ranging from 0% to approximately 6.70%. - The vertical axis on the left shows the temperature in degrees Celsius (°C), while the right side shows the corresponding temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (°F).2. **Important Lines and Temperatures**: - **Melting Points**: Pure iron melts at 1538°C. The melting point decreases with carbon addition. - **Solid Phase Regions**: - **Ferrite (α)**: Exists from 0 to 0.022 wt% C at temperatures below 912°C. - **Austenite (γ)**: Forms between 912°C and 1147°C, stable up to 2.14 wt% C. - **Cementite (Fe₃C)**: Appears at higher carbon contents. - **Critical Temperature Lines**: - Eutectoid transformation at 727°C where austenite transforms to pearlite (mixture of ferrite and cementite). - Eutectic reaction at 1147°C.3. **Phase Regions**: - **Liquid (L) Phase**: Exists at higher temperatures, full melting occurs above 1493°C in high carbon steels. - **Two-Phase Regions**: - **α + γ** (ferrite and austenite): Occurs below 912°C. - **γ + L** (austenite and liquid): Between solid austenite and liquid phases. - **α + Fe₃C** (ferrite and cementite): Below 727°C.4. **Notable Compositions**: - **Eutectoid Point (0.76 wt% C)**: Critical composition where austenite transforms directly to pearlite at 727°C. - **Eutectic Point (4.30 wt% C)**: Composition at which liquid transforms to solid austenite and cementite at 1147°C.### Interpretational Use:This diagram is used extensively for understanding the properties of steel and cast iron.

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Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics

8th Edition

ISBN:9781259696527

Author:J.M. Smith Termodinamica en ingenieria quimica, Hendrick C Van Ness, Michael Abbott, Mark Swihart

Publisher:J.M. Smith Termodinamica en ingenieria quimica, Hendrick C Van Ness, Michael Abbott, Mark Swihart

Chapter1: Introduction

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1.1P

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(a) Identify the temperature, composition, and phase transformation equation for each eutectic/eutectoid/peritectic/peritectoid point shown in plot

b) In real world applications, there is often a need for the production of steel/iron systems that have diverse properties because Fe-based alloy systems tend to be very cheap and have high strength. Identify a composition and temperature that you would use to obtain the following materials, then calculate the percentage of each phase present at the point in the diagram and the percentage of Fe and C in each phase. You may need to use the internet to obtain some generic (but readily available) information about the properties of each phase

i. A steel with no ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) and is non-magnetic
ii. A steel containing 2 metallic phases but no ceramic phases
iii. A cast iron containing at least 40% cementite
iv. A magnetic steel with an 100% eutectic or eutectoid structure

(c) Many stainless steels (containing Cr and Ni, among Fe, C, and other alloying additions) are austenitic in structure despite processing that occurs in the alpha and alpha+cementite regions of the Fe-C phase diagram. Briefly explain why the Fe-C diagram may not accurately predict the structure of stainless steels? Include at least 2 assumptions that are made when consulting the Fe-C phase diagram to direct process conditions