Ideal and Real Gases
Ideal gases obey conditions of the general gas laws under all states of pressure and temperature. Ideal gases are also named perfect gases. The attributes of ideal gases are as follows,
Gas Laws
Gas laws describe the ways in which volume, temperature, pressure, and other conditions correlate when matter is in a gaseous state. The very first observations about the physical properties of gases was made by Robert Boyle in 1662. Later discoveries were made by Charles, Gay-Lussac, Avogadro, and others. Eventually, these observations were combined to produce the ideal gas law.
Gaseous State
It is well known that matter exists in different forms in our surroundings. There are five known states of matter, such as solids, gases, liquids, plasma and Bose-Einstein condensate. The last two are known newly in the recent days. Thus, the detailed forms of matter studied are solids, gases and liquids. The best example of a substance that is present in different states is water. It is solid ice, gaseous vapor or steam and liquid water depending on the temperature and pressure conditions. This is due to the difference in the intermolecular forces and distances. The occurrence of three different phases is due to the difference in the two major forces, the force which tends to tightly hold molecules i.e., forces of attraction and the disruptive forces obtained from the thermal energy of molecules.
![Alkyl Halides (X = CI, Br or I): Assume AICI, is present if needed
2 of 2
G
un acid catalyst [H+], or pyridine, is present if needed.
он
OH
OH
CHJOH
AA
BB
DD
EE
FF
GG
HH
Ketones, Aldehydes and Epoxides: Assume "then H,0" is included if a protonation step is needed
K.
P
R
V
Acid Chlorides: Assume AICI, or pyridine is present if needed
YY
zZ
Other Reagents:
11 PCC in CH2C2
21 Br2, FeBr3
22 Mg. Et,0
23 Cl2, AICI3
24 SOCI2, pyridine
25 HNO3, H2SO4
26 fuming H2SO4
1 H3O* (dilute H2SO4) or H3O*, heat
2 conc. H2SO4, heat
3 NaOEt
12 NazCr207, H2S04, H2O
13 BH3•THF or 9-BBN, then H2O2, NaOH
14 Hg(OAc)2, H2O, then NaBH4
15 O3, then Zn, HCI or DMS
16 MCPBA or CH;CO3H
17 Br2, light or NBS, heat
4 t-BUOK
5 H2, Pt
6 H2, Lindlar's catalyst
7 Na, NH3
8 LAH or xs LAH, then H20
9 NABH4, CH3OH
10 NABH,CN, pH 5
27 Fe, HCI; then NaOH
28 Zn(Hg). НCI
29 KCN, or KCN + HCN
30 CO2, then H30*
18 HBr
19 HBr, ROOR
20 PB13
31 (H*]. HOʻ
32 NH3 (1 or 2 equiv.)
33 CH,NH2 (1 or 2 equiv)
34 (CH3)½NH (1 or 2 equiv)
35 EINH2 (1 or 2 equiv)
36 PHCH,NH2 (1 or 2 equiv).
37 LDA, -78 °C
(-H20)
Grignard, Wittig and Gilman Reagents:
Assume "then H,0" is included if a protonation step is needed
MgBr
MeMgBr
EtMgBr
PhMgBr
G1
G2
G3
G4
CuLi
Me,Culi Et,Culi (PHCH2),CULI
38 NaH, 25 °C
39 LIAI(OR);H, then H20
40 DIBAH, then H2O
41 Br2. [H3O*]
42 Br2, NaOH
43 Pyridine
G5
G6
G7
G8
MePh,P=CH2 PhyP=CHCH3 PhyP=CHCO,Et PhyP=CHPH
W1
w2
W3
W4](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fbc96294a-6867-4c53-8945-7b1c26d22cf9%2F93e2b592-0893-4031-814f-36d33efc6633%2Fyaln5i_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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