(i) The average operating data for conventional activated sludge process treatment is as follows: "Sewage flow: 60,000 m³/d; Vol. of aeration tank: 18,000 m³. Influent BOD: 300 mg/L; Effluent BOD: 25 mg/L; MLSS: 2500 mg/L; Effluent suspended solids: 35 mg/L; Waste sludge suspended solids: 13,000 mg/L; Quantity of waste sludge: 300 m³/d. Calculate: (6 Marks) a) Hydraulic retention time b) Food to microorganism ratio

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.