I personally have used statistics in trying to challenge the reliability of drug testing results. Suppose the chance of a mistake in the taking and processing of a urine sample for a drug test is just 1 in 100. And your client has a "dirty" (i.e., positive) test result. Only a 1 in 100 chance that it could be wrong? Not necessarily. If the vast majority of all tests given- say 99 in 100-are truly clean, then you get one false dirty and one true dirty in every 100 tests, so that half of the dirty tests are false. TD = event that the test result is dirty %3D TC = event that the test result is clean D = event that the person tested is actually dirty %3D C = event that the person tested is actually clean P(TD|D) = 0.99 P(C) = 0.99 P(TD|C) = 0.01 P(D)=0.01 (a) What is the probability of a random test resulting in dirty? (b) What is the probability of person being clean given that their test re- sult is dirty? Is this consistent with the quote given?

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Matrices

‘Matrices’ is the plural form of the word matrix, and it is basically a spreadsheet in the form of a box. In mathematics, various functions can be carried out with matrices. Generally, a matrix comes in the shape of a square or rectangle. The elements are distributed horizontally in the form of rows, and vertically in the form of columns.