I conduct an online study to determine whether rewards reduce procrastination. All participants are asked to complete a task sometime before a deadline (10 days from now). The computer randomly assigns partici one of three groups, and emails them their instructions; one group receives a reward as soon as they do the task (contingent reward); a second group receives rewards as soon as they finish the task as long as it is b deadline (non-contingent reward) and the third group does not receive rewards at all (no reward). Three participants in the no reward condition do not complete the task, and so are dropped from analyses. The depe variable is the amount of time (in days) it takes participants to complete the task. The JAMOVI output is attached. What are possible threats to internal validity in this study (select all that apply)? ANOVA ANOVA-Time Reward Residuals Sum of Squares df Mean Square F 68.852 2 125.814 24 Assumption Checks Homogeneity of Variances Test (Levene's) Р n'p 34426 6.567 0.005 0.354 5.242
I conduct an online study to determine whether rewards reduce procrastination. All participants are asked to complete a task sometime before a deadline (10 days from now). The computer randomly assigns partici one of three groups, and emails them their instructions; one group receives a reward as soon as they do the task (contingent reward); a second group receives rewards as soon as they finish the task as long as it is b deadline (non-contingent reward) and the third group does not receive rewards at all (no reward). Three participants in the no reward condition do not complete the task, and so are dropped from analyses. The depe variable is the amount of time (in days) it takes participants to complete the task. The JAMOVI output is attached. What are possible threats to internal validity in this study (select all that apply)? ANOVA ANOVA-Time Reward Residuals Sum of Squares df Mean Square F 68.852 2 125.814 24 Assumption Checks Homogeneity of Variances Test (Levene's) Р n'p 34426 6.567 0.005 0.354 5.242
MATLAB: An Introduction with Applications
6th Edition
ISBN:9781119256830
Author:Amos Gilat
Publisher:Amos Gilat
Chapter1: Starting With Matlab
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1P
Related questions
Question
![I conduct an online study to determine whether rewards reduce procrastination. All participants are asked to complete a task sometime before a deadline (10 days from now). The computer randomly assigns participants to
one of three groups, and emails them their instructions; one group receives a reward as soon as they do the task (contingent reward); a second group receives rewards as soon as they finish the task as long as it is before the
deadline (non-contingent reward) and the third group does not receive rewards at all (no reward). Three participants in the no reward condition do not complete the task, and so are dropped from analyses. The dependent
variable is the amount of time (in days) it takes participants to complete the task. The JAMOVI output is attached.
What are possible threats to internal validity in this study (select all that apply)?
ANOVA
ANOVA - Time
Reward
Residuals
0.056
Assumption Checks
Homogeneity of Variances Test (Levene's)
F
df1
Statistic
0.964
Sum of Squares df
68.852 2
125.814 24
Normality Test (Shapiro-Wilk)
2
Post Hoc Tests
Reward
Contingent
df2
24
P
Post Hoc Comparisons - Reward
Comparison
0.444
Mean Square F
Р
0.945
Reward
P
n'p
34.426 6.567 0.005 0.354
5.242
Non-contingent
No reward
No reward
Mean Difference SE
-3.700
-2.129
1.571
Non-contingent -
Note. Comparisons are based on estimated marginal means
df
t Ptukey
0.004
1.024 24.000 -3.613
1.128 24.000 -1.886 0.164
1.128 24.000 1.393 0.360](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F1b2e65f2-c472-45bf-885c-00dffce84016%2Ffb13cde4-f997-4c8e-8dc1-e47a13789dc1%2Fzdef4q3_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:I conduct an online study to determine whether rewards reduce procrastination. All participants are asked to complete a task sometime before a deadline (10 days from now). The computer randomly assigns participants to
one of three groups, and emails them their instructions; one group receives a reward as soon as they do the task (contingent reward); a second group receives rewards as soon as they finish the task as long as it is before the
deadline (non-contingent reward) and the third group does not receive rewards at all (no reward). Three participants in the no reward condition do not complete the task, and so are dropped from analyses. The dependent
variable is the amount of time (in days) it takes participants to complete the task. The JAMOVI output is attached.
What are possible threats to internal validity in this study (select all that apply)?
ANOVA
ANOVA - Time
Reward
Residuals
0.056
Assumption Checks
Homogeneity of Variances Test (Levene's)
F
df1
Statistic
0.964
Sum of Squares df
68.852 2
125.814 24
Normality Test (Shapiro-Wilk)
2
Post Hoc Tests
Reward
Contingent
df2
24
P
Post Hoc Comparisons - Reward
Comparison
0.444
Mean Square F
Р
0.945
Reward
P
n'p
34.426 6.567 0.005 0.354
5.242
Non-contingent
No reward
No reward
Mean Difference SE
-3.700
-2.129
1.571
Non-contingent -
Note. Comparisons are based on estimated marginal means
df
t Ptukey
0.004
1.024 24.000 -3.613
1.128 24.000 -1.886 0.164
1.128 24.000 1.393 0.360
![Estimated Marginal Means
Reward
Time
10.0
7.5
5.0
2.5
Contingent Non-contingent
Reward
Estimated Marginal Means - Reward
:
Reward
Mean SE
Contingent
4.300 0.724
Non-contingent 8.000 0.724
No reward
6.429 0.865
No reward
95% Confidence Interval
Lower
Upper
2.806
6.506
4.643
5.794
9.494
8.215
a. Carry-over between experimental conditions
Ob. Experimenter bias
c. Mortality/Attrition in the no Reward group
Od. Students are not representative of the general population](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F1b2e65f2-c472-45bf-885c-00dffce84016%2Ffb13cde4-f997-4c8e-8dc1-e47a13789dc1%2F4s77ryz_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:Estimated Marginal Means
Reward
Time
10.0
7.5
5.0
2.5
Contingent Non-contingent
Reward
Estimated Marginal Means - Reward
:
Reward
Mean SE
Contingent
4.300 0.724
Non-contingent 8.000 0.724
No reward
6.429 0.865
No reward
95% Confidence Interval
Lower
Upper
2.806
6.506
4.643
5.794
9.494
8.215
a. Carry-over between experimental conditions
Ob. Experimenter bias
c. Mortality/Attrition in the no Reward group
Od. Students are not representative of the general population
Expert Solution
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Step 1
The possible threats for the internal validity:
- Maturation: Increase of time may influences the dependent variable.
- Participants selection: Participants selected by using random assignment.
- Attrition: Participants may drop out over the study.
- Testing: Results of one experimental group affects the results of another experimental group.
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